Unit 2 Childhood memories
The integrated course
2-1 Active reading 1
Exercises-1
01、The parents couldn't afford to give the children expensive presents, so they would buypresents after Christmas at a reduced price. 02、Other children's parents told them that their presents were left by Santa Claus and madein the North Pole. In fact, the presents were made in Japan and left by the parents. 03、They celebrated Christmas about a week later, because at that time they could getChristmas trees, wrapping paper, decorations, and presents more cheaply, or even forfree. 04、One child went into the desert with the father each time. 05、They went to see the stars because the father wanted to "give" each child a star or planet.He said that these were their Christmas presents. 06、According to the father, the stars didn't belong to anyone, so they could be claimed bythe children. 07、Betelgeuse and Rigel are stars, while Venus is a planet, not a star. Venus is smaller than astar and doesn't make its own light. 08、The stars last much longer than toys. The father says that when the toys are all broken andforgotten, the stars will still exist.
Exercises-2
01、C
Exercises-3
01、twinkle 02、horizon 03、deceive 04、layer 05、descendants 06、magnetic
Exercises-4
01、marbles 02、junk 03、label 04、mythical 05、logical
Exercises-5
01、B 02、A 03、B 04、B 05、A 06、A 07、A
2-2 Active reading 2
Pre-reading activities-1
01、The quote means that cultural practices and beliefs were different in the past, and that beliefs and practices concerned with childhood were different too.
Pre-reading activities-2
01、Yes, I do, because the social environment was so different in my grandparents' time. Life was generally so much more difficult then, and I suppose my grandparents didn't have much time for my parents. Maybe it was more or less a question of survival. But during the time my parents were bringing me up, living conditions were improving a lot. So my parents helped me a lot with things like studying and sports. Yes, certainly there are differences across these generations. My grandparents hardly went to school, though they were good parents, I am sure, in many ways, but not from the angle of supporting education. My parents have done all they can to help me in my education. But I think the ideas of discipline haven't changed from one generation to the next. 02、One factor is obviously how parents themselves were brought up and how this influenced their own childhood experiences. A second is the general economic situation of the family and how much time the parents spend working. This makes a difference because it means the parents may have more or less time to be with their children. Then there are other factors of the parents' beliefs and experiences of discipline, diet and nutrition, health, and their general ideas about child development. I suppose these might change from one generation to the next, and such ideas might well be different in different countries. 03、Maybe the way I was treated when I was a child. 04、Societies differ a great deal, so I think we can expect different societies and cultures to raise their children in different ways and to have different ideas about childhood.
Exercises-1
01、We are American colonial people. We lived in the 17th and 18th centuries on the eastcoast of America after our families settled there from Europe. In our time, children wereexpected to be good and industrious. That was the main characteristic of childhood. Forexample, when our girls were four they knitted stockings and mittens; when they were sixthey spun wool. We called them "Mrs" to show the girls our appreciation.02、We are Inuit people from the Arctic regions. Some of us are from Canada and Greenland,others from Russia and Alaska. For us, children need to get ihuma you would call this theprocess of acquiring thought, reason and understanding. That's the main characteristic ofchildhood. For example, as parents we are tolerant and lenient with children until they areold enough to develop ihuma, then we can teach them and discipline them.03、We are from Tonga, a kingdom of 169 islands in the south-west Pacific Ocean. As parents,we may regularly beat our children if they haven't yet developed poto. You would think ofpoto as social competence. For us, it's the main quality that our children need to develop.So we treat them with discipline and physical punishment when they are mischievous orwilful.04、We are the Beng people. We live in different parts of West Africa. The main characteristicof childhood is that young children are thought to be in contact with the spirit world. Theycome to the world reluctantly because life in the spirit world is so pleasant. As parents, wehave to look after our children properly, or they may return to the spirit world. We haveto treat them with care and reverence. They can know and understand everything we tellthem, whatever languages we use.05、We are parents from the Western world today. Some of us are from Europe, others fromNorth America, Australia and other places. The main characteristic of childhood in ourcountries is that children are incompetent and dependent, so they should play, be part ofthe family and go to school. Children should not work. For example, a child under 14 can'tlook after a younger child unsupervised because they aren't competent or responsibleyet. If we found a child of 12 working in a factory or in a market, the social services couldintervene and the family could be prosecuted.06、We are the Fulani people. Most of us live in West Africa. For us, the main characteristicof childhood is that children are competent and responsible. So by the age of four, ourgirls can care for their younger siblings; by six, they can pound grain or produce milk andbutter, which they can sell in the market alongside us.07、We are the Yanomam people from the Amazonian rainforest. We live among the hillswhich you probably call the border between Brazil and Venezuela. The main characteristicof childhood is that children are responsible and competent. Our girls help their mothersfrom a young age, and by the age of ten they will be running the house. This is importantbecause they will probably be married at 12 or 13. Our boys have fewer responsibilities.They can play because they don't get married until later. American colonial: expected to be good and industrious Inuit: developing a process of acquiring thought, reason andunderstanding Tonga: regularly beaten and told off by parents and older siblingsuntil they develop social competence, seen as being verynaughty Beng: treated with great care and reverence, believed that they arein contact with the spirit world Western world today: seen as incompetent and irresponsible; playing not working,going to school not labouring, consumption instead ofproduction Fulani: competent and responsible; expected to work Yanomam: competent and responsible; girls expected to work from ayoung age, be married and have children at 12 or 13; boyshave fewer responsibilities and get married later
Exercises-2
01、D 02、A 03、B 04、D 05、C 06、C
Exercises-3
01、contact 02、harsh 03、consumers 04、knitting 05、colonies 06、take exception to 07、impose 08、perspective 09、intervene
Exercises-4
01、continual 02、dependent on 03、ethnic 04、largely 05、outsiders 06、reluctance 07、external
Exercises-5
01、A 02、A 03、A 04、B 05、A 06、B 07、B 08、A
2-3 Language in use
Grammar & structure-1
01、The star of the play is a Hollywood actor. 02、I couldn't refuse his offer. 03、Columbus claimed America in the name of Queen Isabella. 04、He touched the hot dish and burned his fingers. 05、We laughed about all the kids who believed in Santa. 06、Our ideas about childhood have undergone changes over the years. 07、Our view about children is that they are incompetent and dependent. 08、Social anthropologists have questions about the role of childhood in the community.
Grammar & structure-2
01、irreplaceable 02、irrational 03、unacceptable 04、inefficient 05、inaccurate 06、unlikely
Grammar & structure-3
01、The clauses that usually follow rather than are main clauses, subordinate clauses and -ing form clauses. Note: Nouns can also come after rather than.
Grammar & structure-4
01、Rather than celebrating Christmas on December 25, they waited a week. 02、Her father offered her the planet Venus, rather than a traditional Christmas present. 03、Venus is a planet, rather than a star. 04、Rather than broken junk, they would always have their stars. 05、Rather than work, a child's life today is characterized by play. 06、Parents treat their children with leniency, rather than reasoning with them.
Collocations-1
01、core competence 02、imposes 03、ban 04、tight-knit 05、knit 06、brows 07、knit 08、jumper 09、energy consumption
Translation-1
01、在西方，做父母的非常了解受父母过度保护的孩子的弱点：这些孩子害怕冒险，缺乏决断力，缺少在现实生活中获得成功的手段；上大学时，许多人无法较好地适应大学生活的严苛，退学是常有的事。因此，父母非常注重培养孩子独立自主的能力。他们给孩子提供大量的学习独立思考技能的机会，让孩子认识到独立自主的能力可以提升他们在课堂内外的学习效率及表现。此外，他们还给孩子有限的选择，尊重孩子的偏好，帮助孩子出色地完成各项任务，以这种方式鼓励他们独立自主。他们还让孩子参与筹划和决策的过程，让他们提出自己的看法。尤其重要的是，他们鼓励孩子独立完成各项任务包括日常家务活，并经常给予正面的鼓励，避免对他们的行为吹毛求疵。
Translation-2
01、Compared with the childhood of their parents, children now do enjoy a far better material life, but their emotional life seems less satisfying. They are less likely to play with their peers, for toys have replaced their playmates as their most loyal friends. Their parents can always afford to buy them all kinds of expensive toys. The good thing about this is that they no longer pester their parents to play with them all day long, because toys and video games have lessened their feelings of loneliness. But there are also negative effects: The addiction to toys and video games may cause a child's eyesight to deteriorate or result in reluctance to communicate with others. These phenomena should demand the attention of both parents and schools.
2-4 Reading across cultures
Exercises-1
01、Deborah used to help her grandmother cook for Jewish festivals. Myeong Ok Lee once tried his grandmother's rolled cigarettes. Olga played with stray cats and dogs. Mary visited a lot of famous places in Europe with her parents. 02、Because she felt that cooking was important. 03、Because he didn't know how to smoke properly and made a fool of himself. 04、Because Olga brought stray cats and dogs home again. 05、Because her parents wanted to see as much of Europe as possible. They only had snapshot memories of the sights they saw, but very little of the places themselves. 06、I enjoyed Myeong Ok Lee's and Olga's childhood memories the most, because I thought they were unusual and I could imagine how the events happened.
Exercises-2
01、Well, Mary's memory reminds me of the time when I travelled around with my parents at a very young age. My parents worked in a government organization that conducted international affairs, and they were often stationed abroad for a year or two, sometimes in different countries. I always travelled with them. It was a pretty good time, since I could see a lot of different things and the experiences have contributed to my ability to adapt to a new environment quickly. 02、The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated in early summer with zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves and stuffed with different fillings. This festival is associated with the poet Qu Yuan (c 340 BC278 BC） and it's on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar. The Mid-Autumn or Moon Festival is celebrated with mooncakes. This is on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. Spring Festival or Chinese New Year is celebrated with jiaozi, dumplings, in the north and niangao, New Year cakes, in the south. 03、No, I certainly wouldn't! It is because of hygiene reasons. Some stray animals may be dirty and carry disease, and some dogs may have rabies if they bite people, the victims can die. 04、I had a small toy plane made of metal. I took it everywhere in my pocket and kept it by my bed at night. 05、The least likely event is to roll a cigarette in newspaper, as people would buy cigarettes, instead of rolling them themselves.
2-5 Guided writing
Writing task-1
01、B 02、A 03、C 04、A 05、C
Writing task-2
01、A 02、A 03、A 04、A 05、B 06、B
Writing task-3
01、Mr and Mrs Wang are a couple and both were my teachers when I was in secondary school. Mrs Wang taught me English and Mr Wang used to teach me maths. Because our school was an all-age school, both of them taught me for about seven years. When I heard about Mr Wang's death I was so sorry, I could only guess what that must mean to Mrs Wang. I remember the stories Mr Wang would tell in the maths classes, not always about maths, actually, but about life, and these are the kinds of things all of us remember now. When I was struggling for one of the exams, Mr Wang took me for a walk round the playing fields. He told me I was good at maths. Me? I couldn't believe he was saying that. In those days I was getting such low marks and felt I was a certain failure. "Look," he said, "you've got ability but you don't really believe it. I'm telling you, not only can you pass maths, you can do very well." Well, I did do well. That comment really helped me to turn the corner and there was no problem after that. Sometimes apparently small comments are like gold, and Mr Wang had the art of making those golden comments. I also remember one year Mrs Wang told me that one of my pictures from the art class had been sent to the city museum for an exhibition. She was not the art teacher, but her way of telling me the news was like Mr Wang's comment, a complete turning point. A picture from our small school ... painted by me ... in the museum ... how could that be? They two made me believe in myself and gave me a picture of the wholeness of life and of how to be a better person, not just succeed at school subjects. So I am really grateful to them. I am working hard here and seem to be getting on quite well at university. I think I will be a teacher or maybe a writer.
2-6 Unit test
词汇与结构20题
1）B.contact 2）D.deceived 3）A.reluctant 4）B.labelled 5）C.perspective 6）A.extensively 7）A.myth 8） D.relentless 9）B.descendants 10）A.navigate 11）C.dependent 12）B.way 13）C.prosecution 14）D.impose 15）C.intervention 16）C.logic 17） D.external 18） D.magnetic1 19） A.horizon 20） A.continual
单词填空10题
1）over 2）to 3）with 4）with 5）on 6）off 7）with 8）of 9）with 10）on
选词填空（15选10）10题
1）villain 2）largely 3）bizarre 4 resemblance 5）barren 6）giggled 7）helpless 8）whirled 9）blaze 10）twilight
仔细阅读
1） C. Children should be free to play the day away. 2） D. Children should concentrate on their schoolwork above everything else 3） A. other situations always seem better than the ones we are in 4） C. a persuasive essay 5） B. The ability to think creatively is invaluable
Further practice
2-1 Vocabulary
Exercises-1
01、consume 02、consumer 03、consumable 04、deception 05、deceptive 06、imposition 07、imposed 08、temptation 09、tempting 10、reluctance 11、argue 12、argumentative 13、adjustment 14、adjustable 15、transform 16、transformative 17、expectation 18、expected 19、tolerate 20、tolerant
Exercises-2
01、reluctance 02、expectations 03、deceptive 04、argumentative 05、temptation 06、tolerant 07、consumers 08、transformed
Exercises-3
01、in detail 02、one by one 03、In contrast to 04、in appreciation of 05、out of your mind 06、was still in contact with 07、in the past 08、in particular
Exercises-4
01、inexpensive 02、intolerant 03、unsupervised 04、uncritical 05、irresponsible 06、illegal 07、unacknowledged 08、incompetent
Exercises-5
01、raise the question 02、wide range 03、runs the business 04、run the home 05、raised (their) hands 06、ran 07、restaurant 08、raising money 09、river 10、runs 11、engine 12、impose 13、restrictions 14、fuel
01、raise the question 02、wide range 03、runs the business 04、run the home 05、raised (their) hands 06、ran 07、restaurant 08、raising money 09、river 10、runs 11、engine 12、impose 13、restrictions 14、fuel
Exercises-6
01、A 02、A 03、B 04、A 05、A 06、A 07、A 08、B 09、B 10、A 11、B 12、A 13、B 14、A
Exercises-7
01、twilight 02、impact 03、sallow 04、junk 05、admired 06、anthropologist 07、descendant 08、severe 09、siblings 10、logical 11、reluctant 12、twinkle
Exercises-8
01、Rather than 02、whatever 03、whatever 04、Rather than 05、Whatever 06、rather than
Exercises-9
01、illegal 02、depend 03、consumption 04、descendants 05、External 06、unreasonable
2-2 Structure
Exercises-1
01、The pain in her leg. 02、Because she heard Anna's moans. 03、In the silent way she had. 04、She would sit beside her daughter, stroking her forehead. 05、She was calmed and went to sleep. 06、Her mother's loving presence.
Exercises-2
01、Her classmates tended to ignore her. 02、They were older and bigger than her, and tended to ignore her. 03、She felt uncomfortable. 04、A girl from the class below her. 05、Playing imaginary games. 06、She became delighted and entirely forgot her classmates' treatment of her.
2-3 Reading
Reading 1-1
01、playing 02、learning 03、abilities and skills 04、Sensorimotor 05、make 06、Formal 07、Mastery 08、the right to play 09、limited
Reading 1-2
01、A
02、A
03、B
04、A
05、B
06、A
07、B
08、B
09、A
10、B
Reading 2-1
01、A 02、A 03、B 04、B 05、D
Reading 2-2
01、B 02、C 03、A 04、E 05、H 06、F 07、D 08、G 09、J 10、I
2-4 Integrated skills training
Exercises-1
01、B 02、A 03、B 04、C 05、C 06、B 07、D 08、B 09、A 10、D
Exercises-2
01、The longer you looked, the more stars you'd see. 02、The air in the city was so polluted you couldn't even see the stars. 03、We laughed about all the kids who got nothing for Christmas but a bunch of cheap plastic toys. / Welaughed about all the kids who got nothing but a bunch of cheap plastic toys for Christmas. 04、They use this term to mean that understandings of childhood are not the same everywhere and thatwhile all societies acknowledge that children are different from adults, how they are different and whatexpectations are placed on them change according to the society in which they live. 05、So parents treat young children with great care so that they're not tempted to return, and also withsome reverence, because they're in contact with the spirit world in a way that adults aren't. 06、Looking at it from a cross-cultural perspective shows the wide variety of childhoods that exist acrossthe world and warns against interfering in or criticizing people whose lives, and understandings of theworld, are very different to our own.
Exercises-3
01、通过玩耍学习是教育学和心理学中的一个术语，用于描述儿童如何学会理解周围的世界。由于育儿理念、育儿观及育儿方式上的差异，儿童通过玩耍学习的方式具有文化特异性。玩耍影响并反映出不同文化的儿童的学习方式。大多数西方文化赞同这样的玩耍定义：玩耍是享受乐趣，没有外在的动机，没有必须完成的规定的学习任务，是自发自愿的行为。幼儿学习的主要途径有玩耍、与他人相处、模仿如何做新事情，练习技能和嬉闹。玩耍不是浪费了时间，而是把时间花在根据以往的经验构建新的知识上。现在人们已经认识到，对幼儿而言，玩耍与学习之间有着紧密的联系，尤其是在解决问题、语言习得、识字，以及社交、身体和情感技能方面。幼儿通过基于学习的玩耍主动探索他们所处的环境和周围的世界。通过玩耍，儿童可以开发社会技能和认知技能，在情感上成熟起来，并获得与新经验和新环境打交道所需的自信。
Exercises-4
01、The traditional Chinese family is a strictly hierarchical system in which the father is often regarded asthe head of the family. He has the final say on all family affairs. The children's careers and marriagesare usually arranged by their parents. Children start to learn the rules of seniority at an early age, andwhen they grow up, they are expected to show filial respect to their parents and look after them whenthey are getting old. With the development of society, the parent-child relationship in China tends to beequal today. Most parents no longer impose their own will on their children. Instead, they give themmore freedom and respect. The relaxed family environment is helpful in raising children with a strongersense of love, independence and confidence.
