Unit 3 Learning to think

The integrated course

3-1 Active reading 1

Pre-reading activity

01、There are a number of possible interpretations of the title: a possible literal meaning: consider all the aspects for your own benefit examining matters independently and being original being critical, evaluative and reflective about matters; thinking about the assumptions and reasons behind something 02、Yes, but in some cultures, it is equally important to follow the wisdom of other people or leaders. 03、I remember once in primary school, I was very distressed about the final exam. I was so worried that I could not eat my meals and did not know what to do. My father saw this and, instead of giving me answers or going through my maths and other subjects, he said: "For your exam revision, it is important to organize your thoughts. You need to think what the important aspects are for each subject. Write down your revision notes for them and then get on with your revision." His words were like a ray of light into my mind. I followed this framework and got my best exam results ever. 04、When I was in middle school, I had a history teacher who made me think for myself. She had asked us to write an essay. I had worked really hard collecting information from a number of resources and I felt pleased with what I had written. The teacher gave me a low mark and simply said: "But what do you think? I want your opinions and ideas. Learn to develop your own mind." I was upset for a couple of weeks, but gradually I understood what she meant. Six weeks later when I had really thought about and rewritten my essay, she commented: "Now you have your own voice and your own thinking." I was over the moon with joy! 05、Yes, I think it is possible to teach people to think for themselves. But it may take longer than most teachers think. It is more likely a slow process of challenging oneself in a stimulating environment encouraged by teachers. Then, one day you may realize that you are thinking for yourself. This understanding may seem sudden, but the process is gradual. One way to reward students who can think for themselves is by giving them more encouragement.

Background information

Txet

Vocabulary

Exercise-1

01、B 02、C 03、C 04、D 05、A 06、C

Exercise-2

01、suspicion 02、vision 03、leaned 04、sum 05、occasionally 06、particularly 07、rubbed

Exercise-3

01、A 02、A 03、A 04、B 05、A 06、A 07、B

Exercise-4

01、radical 02、presence 03、at length 04、agony 05、affirm 06、on purpose 07、glimpse

Exercise-5

01、A 02、B 03、B 04、B 05、B 06、A

3-2 Active reading 2

Pre-reading activity

01、I need to wash my own clothes. I used to study in a boarding school at senior high, so I can look after myself. But I find it hard to organize my study and leisure time at university. I really miss my parents and my own bedroom at home. Here I have to share with three other students. It is fun sometimes, but other times I just want to be on my own. 02、You should prepare by reading about the topics in advance and revising your study notes. It's important to contribute, answer the lecturer's questions, and start discussions with other students. You have to write up your notes soon after each lecture or seminar. Make sure you understand everything before moving on. 03、Planning is very important. Schedule when you are going to study or take part in activities. A routine can be very helpful. Make sure to schedule time for assignments and revision, as well as breaks and exercise! Make sure you have the right attitude for success. Be positive about your studies and don't compare yourself with others. Think about how you learn and consider how you can overcome the things that hold you back. Make use of all the resources available. Learn how to do research properly and find out what resources your library has. Attend study skills sessions if they are available, and always ask for help if you need it. 04、First, clarify what you need to find out. Write down a series of keywords and questions to base your research on. Do some background reading and review your keywords and questions. Your tutor can help you learn research skills, and there are books on the subject too. Go to the library and look up your keywords in indices and databases. You can use the Internet but make sure that the sources are reliable, and read them instead of working from summaries. Show your research in your work by including references and a bibliography. Read your university's rules about plagiarism. 05、The first step is to understand what is required. Read the assignment question carefully and discuss the requirements with your lecturer. Look at the marking scheme to see what skills and knowledge you are expected to demonstrate. Double-check the submission deadline, then create a schedule for the assignment. Decide when you will work on it and when you will complete each stage of the work. After doing some basic research and background reading, write a plan that summarizes what you will include in the various sections of the assignment and how long each section will be. Then get started on a draft.

Background information

Txet

Vocabulary

Exercise-1

01、B 02、A 03、B 04、C

Exercise-2

01、A 02、B 03、A 04、B 05、B 06、B 07、B 08、A 09、A 10、A

Exercise-3

01、effective 02、essential 03、specialized 04、context 05、critical 06、Basically 07、revise

Exercise-4

01、engage with 02、think over 03、go through 04、Try out 05、follow up

Exercise-5

01、A 02、B 03、A 04、A 05、B 06、B

3-3 Language in use

Grammar&structure-1

01、B

Grammar&structure-2

01、as long as I have a cosy study environment 02、as long as I pay enough attention 03、As long as I listen attentively in class 04、As long as I hand in the assignments on time 05、as long as I am able to lead an independent life 06、as long as I am equipped with all the necessary skills

Grammar&structure-3

01、B 02、B 03、A 04、B

Grammar&structure-4

01、Had I known what this week's lecture was about, I wouldnt have gone. 02、I would have corrected the work had I noticed the mistake. 03、Had you thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn't be in trouble now. 04、Had he shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. 05、They would have improved the facilities had they received more money from the government.

Grammar&structure-5

01、had I brought my sunglasses with me 02、Had I been informed about the cancellation of the concert earlier 03、had I chosen a different field to work in 04、Had I got a better score 05、had I had a vacation

Collocatios

01、solve 02、critical thinking 03、effective means 04、engage audiences 05、overall majority 06、aroused suspicion 07、important resource 08、revise 09、assignment 10、making improvement

Translatio-1

01、慕课（大规模开放性网络课程）是指在线向大批学生提供教学的课程，将教授的参与度降到最低。通常，学生看短视频讲座，并完成作业，作业由机器或其他学生批改。这样，一位教授就能独自承担一门有成百上千人选修的课程。如今，提供这类课程的知名研究机构的数量在稳步上升。由于大学生依然倾向于选择更现代和更灵活的教育方式，因此慕课在高等教育领域大展宏图的空间还很大。但是，慕课并不是本科教育的替代品。问题是，并没有很多雇主认为网络课程能提供和面授课程一样多的有用信息。总而言之，慕课仍被视为是娱乐性课程，而不是真正的应用型学习。

Translatio-2

01、Nowadays, although quite a large number of Chinese college students still select business or science and technology as their major, more and more students realize that humanities are also essential. In order to cultivate all-round students, some top universities in China are making efforts to promote liberal education. Liberal education provides a general education curriculum so that students are exposed to multiple disciplines and develop various learning strategies in addition to in-depth study of at least one specialized course. A liberal education helps foster imagination and critical thinking to allow students to better adapt to an increasingly complex labour market.

3-4 Reading across cultures

Text

Vocabulary

Exercise-1

01、People from different cultures may have different "cultural thought patterns". 02、He was looking at the work written by non-native students at his university in California. 03、Native speakers of English. 04、Non-native English speakers. 05、It was considered too simplistic and biased, based on insufficient evidence. 06、To write effectively in English, it is not enough to master structures at sentence level. Writers need to look at a higher level of organization, and rhetorical and cultural patterns in English which might be used in different ways in other languages.

Exercise-2

01、I think so. Speakers or writers with an Oriental thought pattern tend to put their key point last, and to give lots of background information and explanations at the beginning and in the middle parts of their writing. I don't agree with this opinion. I think perhaps all the patterns mentioned in the passage could exist in one culture, although some people probably prefer one pattern rather than another. 02、I think it might be true that there are other thought patterns, because sometimes I can understand every word written in an article or report, but I still find it hard to understand what it tries to say. 03、I think so, especially when we were in primary and secondary schools. 04、I guess I mainly write down what I think. But because I have to express myself in English, I may focus more on making my sentences grammatically correct and try to express my ideas as clearly as possible. I have not got to the stage of planning the whole text, but I can see that this is important, so I'll try to develop it. When I write in English, I make an outline first with my main point in the beginning, followed by supporting ideas in bullet points. Then I start my writing based on the outline with my point emphasized again at the end.

3-5 Guided writing

Writing skills

Writing task-1

01、D 02、F 03、G 04、B 05、E 06、C 07、A

Writing task-2

01、To draw attention to the topic and to arouse interest. This question serves as a topic sentence for this passage. 02、Yes. The passage is organized in a logical and effective way. The writer starts with a point for discussion which is expanded with examples and diagrams to illustrate the point raised. It finishes with some critical comments to evaluate the point. It is the way many English writers write essays. 03、Yes. It is easy to understand the description of the different thought patterns because the writer provides examples and diagrams to illustrate them. 04、It helps me a lot with my understanding. It also seems to be an efficient way to develop and illustrate the main ideas in writing, especially for some abstract or complex ideas. 05、To raise awareness of different thought patterns from different cultures, since this might affect styles and patterns of writing. 06、Yes, the writer has an opinion on the topic. Although the writer also refers to some reaction against the idea of different cultural thought patterns, the writer concludes that being aware of these patterns helps with English writing and cross-cultural understanding. So the writer seems to be in favour of this topic.

Writing task-3

01、What's the most difficult part of learning a foreign language? Many students think writing is one of the most difficult aspects of learning English. Perhaps this is because they have to pay attention to many aspects while writing in English, and it is very hard and time-consuming to do so. For example, Chinese students have to learn vocabulary, grammar rules and perhaps different rhetorical styles to write in English. For university students, they may have more ideas than they can actually express. So it is frustrating sometimes and it takes a rather long time before you can write well. But you can make progress by working on a shorter piece of writing every day, eg writing a diary in English. You can also pay attention to how native English writers express themselves by reading widely on different topics and texts, from novels and short stories to gossip magazine articles and science reports. Learning a foreign language is never easy, but if we are determined, motivated, consistent, and look for every opportunity to communicate with native speakers, we will successfully master the language.

3-6 Unit test

词汇与结构10题

1.B. suspicion 2.C. vision 3.B. resource 4.D. effective 5.C. advanced 6.B. rub 7.D. improvement 8.B. presence 9.C. slightly 10.A. context

选词填空填单词10题

11.critical 12.edit 13.radical 14.assignments 15.passion 16.slighly 17.leaning 18.basically 19.specialized 20.overall

单词填空10题

21.on22.of23.about24.in5.with26.through27.with28.against29.in30.at

选词填空（15选10）10题

31.identify 32 overwhelmed 33.setting 34.agony 35.critical 36.creatively 37 thinkers 38.ettective 39.mentor 40.solve

仔细阅读5题

41.C.Creative writing 42.D.organization 43.B.Many artists are lett-handed 44.A. US Presidents are intuitive and think creatively 45.B.informative

Further practice

3-7 Vocabulary

Exercises-1

01、B 02、F 03、D 04、E 05、A 06、C

Exercises-2

01、goes straight to the point 02、missed the point 03、you've got a point 04、My point is 05、Come to the point 06、return to the point 07、What's your point

Exercises-3

01、fact 02、organization 03、nature 04、emotion 05、finance 06、preference 07、benefit 08、commerce 09、space 10、critic 11、logic 12、history

Exercises-4

01、factual 02、beneficial 03、critical 04、logical 05、rational 06、radical 07、financial 08、commercial 09、typical 10、organizational

Exercises-5

01、A,B,C 02、A,D 03、A,C,D 04、C,D 05、B,C 06、B,C

Exercises-6

01、much of 02、not so much that 03、much rather 04、So much for 05、too much of 06、much prefer 07、much the same as 08、much improved

Exercises-7

01、resource 02、engage 03、effective 04、solve 05、overall 06、improvement 07、revise 08、critical

3-8 Structure

Exercises-1

01、I remember the teacher pointing at me and asking me to explain. 02、It's worth doing a lot of research when writing essays as you'll get a better grade. 03、To do the test requires you to answer a lot of questions. 04、Remind me to complete the questionnaire about learning types. 05、Kaplan's work encouraged professors to look more carefully at their foreign students' writing styles. 06、To think for yourself involves learning not to rely on others. 07、The passage recommended varying one's rate and style of reading. 08、We were instructed to answer the questionnaire without pausing to think. 09、If you practise reading in this way you will find that your reading is more effective.

Exercises-2

01、We can arrange accommodation as long as you inform us one week in advance. 02、As long as you quote all sources in your bibliography, you can use material from online resources. 03、As long as there are no exams taking place, visitors to the college are welcome. 04、Students are encouraged to attend the lecture as long as they have signed up on the list. Students are encouraged to attend the lecture as long as they have signed up on the list. 05、As long as you have done all your assignments, you should be able to get a good grade.

Exercises-3

01、There were many academics who didn't think much of Kaplan's theories. 02、I found it difficult to follow the lecturer, much less take notes. 03、The lecturer didn't think much of the way the students behaved during his lecture. 04、No one in the group thought much of the way the situation was dealt with. 05、Few people have done any research on the essay, much less completed it.

3-9 Reading

Reading 1-1

01、A 02、B 03、A 04、A 05、D

Reading 1-2

01、A 02、B 03、A 04、A 05、B 06、A 07、A 08、B 09、B

Reading 2-1

01、B,G

Reading 2-2

01、key 02、context 03、equivalents 04、limited 05、memorize 06、tuition 07、hence 08、acquisition 09、in isolation

3-10 Integrated skills training

Exercises-1

01、B 02、A 03、B 04、C 05、A 06、D 07、C 08、D 09、D 10、A

Exercises-2

01、majority 02、whom 03、intention 04、most 05、ability 06、enough 07、Had 08、fortunately 09、responsibility 10、working 11、rather 12、joy

Exercises-3

01、Rather than write down everything a lecturer says, it's better to listen carefully and make notes of the important points. 02、What students find difficult is managing their new-found freedom. 03、Even though Kaplan's work attracted a lot of criticism, it has had a great influence on the teaching of foreign students. 04、Learning to be critical of a textbook's assumptions is important for college students. 05、Having completed the first draft of my essay, I breathed a sigh of relief.

Exercises-4

01、就算不是天才也明白，词汇对于语言学习是至关重要的，但是当英语学习者得知，要想得心应手地运用英语，就需要掌握8,0009,000消极词汇和5,0007,000积极词汇，以及如何在语境中应用这些词汇时，他们还是很吃惊。 02、虽然这项任务极富挑战性，可还是有不少二语学习者成功地习得了所需词汇，他们从未在英语国家长期生活过虽然在那里生活是熟练掌握英语的最简单的方法。(Tips：利用破折号处理独立结构的补充信息。) 03、人们做了大量的研究，寻找扩大词汇量的最有效策略。他们屡屡发现，最有效的词汇学习是最大限度地接触语言，换句话说，就是进行大量的听、说、读、写这四项语言技能的练习。(Tips：变被动语态为主动语态，使译文精炼而地道。) 04、我认为我小时候自创的方法后来竟然是被普遍认同的词汇学习策略，作为一名年轻教师，这引起了我的兴趣。(Tips：it interested me that比较难译，可以先找出逻辑关系，加词断句，并把interested me放在最后。) 05、一条更普遍的原理是，孤立地学习词汇是难度很大的，由此可见阅读的重要，阅读为单词提供了上下文语境，给我们很多机会把生词和学过的词联系起来。

Exercises-5

01、We are too scared around that difficult old man. In his presence, we just hold our tongues. 02、Had she not humiliated us, we would not have complained about it. 03、All the evidence you present in your argumentation must be relevant to the point you are going to make. 04、An activist learner prefers doing research and solving problems by themselves to waiting for an answer. 05、While doing research, you have to strike a balance between your rate of reading and comprehension of the content.

Exercises-6

01、横向思维（水平思维）是以间接的、创造性的方法解决问题。人们试图从多个角度看问题，而不是正面解决问题。批判性思维（垂直思维）关注的主要是判断陈述的真正价值，查找错误，而横向思维更关注陈述和思想的移动价值。人们运用横向思维从已知的思想移向创造性的新思想。横向思维是创新思考的能力，或者如商界有时说的跳出固有的思维模式思考的能力，是通过从意想不到的视角观察问题、借助灵感和想象力解决问题的能力。横向思维摒弃显而易见的东西、甩掉传统的思维模式并抛开先入之见。横向思维这个术语是1967年由马耳他医生、心理学家爱德华・德・博诺创造的。德・博诺认为创造性思维不是天赋，而是能够学习的一种技能。

Exercises-7

01、Laozi was a great philosopher and thinker of ancient China. He is known as the founder of the Taoist school of thought and worshipped as the first ancestor of Taoism. He is often respectfully mentioned with Zhuangzi of a later period as Lao-Zhuang. Before leaving Hangu Pass for the west, Laozi wrote a a five-thousand-word book, the Laozi, or Tao Te Ching. The essence of this book is its simple dialectics, which advocates a form of governance that does nothing that goes against nature. The philosophical ideas of Laozi and the Taoist school of thought he established not only have made great contributions to the development of ancient Chinese philosophy and culture, but also have had profound influence on the progress of philosophy and culture over the past two thousand years in China.