第三集 明月当空
Episode Three · An Empire with An Empress
/公元690年-洛阳城/
/690 A.D. – Luoyang City/
公元 690 年,在大唐的东都洛阳,一个女人终于登上了帝位。
In 690, a woman ascended to the throne in Luoyang.
为了至高无上的权力,为了这个似乎只有男人才享有的称号,她奋斗了一生。
For her entire life, she had been fighting for this title, which until now had seemingly been reserved for men alone.
在中国历史上,武则天是独一无二的。
This was a unique woman in Chinese history.
从秦始皇开始到大清帝国灭亡,中国封建社会持续了两千一百多年,共有皇帝两百多位,而武则天是其中唯一的女皇。
For over 2000 years, from China’s first emperor Qinshihuang to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the 20th century, China has been ruled by more than 200 emperors. Wu Zetian was the only female sovereign.
十四岁被唐太宗选为才人进入皇宫,二十六岁时被迫栖身寺院,三十二岁被唐高宗立为皇后,六十岁开始执掌大权,六十七岁时登上帝位。
Wu Zetian entered Emperor Taizong’s haremas a lower-level concubine at the age of just 14. She was forced to move to a temple at 26 and designated empress at 32. In her 60th year she effectively took over all powers of court, and ultimately ascended to the throne at 67.
作为一个女人,武则天绝对是男权社会的一个神话。
As a woman, Wu Zetian was a legend in asociety dominated by men.
武则天统治期间,大部分时间都是在洛阳度过的。公元701 年,武则天终于返回长安。这一年,女皇已经七十八岁了。
Empress Wu Zetian spent most of her time in Luoyang, only returning to Chang’an in 701 when she was 78.
/长安城/
/Chang’an City/
/大明宫/
/Daming Palace/
对于晚年的武则天而言,最割舍不下的就是长安城中的皇宫——大明宫。
Empress Wu missed Daming Palace dearly in her later years.
三十多年前,她不仅参与修建了大明宫,而且在大明宫开始垂帘听政。
More than three decades before she had been involved in the construction of the magnificent building, where she had later started to administer state affairs.
正是在大明宫,武则天一步步走向了权力的顶峰。在离开多年之后,武则天又回到了大明宫。
Daming Palace had borne witness to her rise to supreme power and after many years away, the Empress eventually returned there.
“三十八年了。”
It’s been 38 years.
在中国历史上,大明宫应该是规模最庞大的宫殿群。
Daming was the largest palace in the history of China.
它占地五千多亩,面积相当于五百个足球场大小。
It covered an area equivalent to 500 soccer fields.
主要宫殿沿中轴线分布,对称严整,等级森严。含元殿、宣政殿和紫宸殿在一条中轴线上,是大明宫中的三大殿。
The halls were symmetrically positioned around the three main halls, which stood on the median line running through the middle of the complex.
三大殿是上朝和处理国事的地方。
These halls played host to court sessions and state affairs.
三大殿以北是皇家居住和生活的场所,大唐最富丽堂皇的地方。
North of here sat the imperial residence, which contained the most lavish decoration, in the whole of the Tang empire.
/大明宫-太液池/
/Taiye Lake/
在皇家生活区,这个波光粼粼的人工湖就是太液池。太液池中间有三座岛屿,象征着东海上的三座仙山。
There was an artificial lake called Taiye, which featured three small islands, representing the three mountains on the East Sea.
最大的蓬莱岛上有一座秀丽的亭阁太液亭。
An elegant pavilion was built on the largest of these called Penglai.
广阔的水面像展开的绸缎,不时有天鹅穿行其间,野鸭嬉戏出没。
Swans and widgeons swam on the lake, as the clouds and halls were reflected in the water.
在皇家生活区,最为显赫的宫殿是麟德殿。
Within the royal residence, the most outstanding structure was Linde Hall.
/大明宫-麟德殿/
/Linde Palace/
大明宫地势高低起伏,麟德殿就建在太液池西边的高地上。麟德殿的造型是独一无二的,三座巨大的宫殿依偎在一起,中间用柱子相连。
Built on the highland west of Taiye Lake, Linde was unique in that it comprised three halls connected by corridors and pillars.
前殿、中殿和后殿,再加上第二层的楼阁,麟德殿是唐代形制最复杂的一座宫殿。
With a front, a middle and a rear chamber, plus pavilions on the second floor, Linde Hall was the most complex palace hall of that area.
在中国古代建筑史上,麟德殿的三重殿造型,也是前无古人、后无来者。
Its three-chamber structure was unique in ancient Chinese architecture.
麟德殿建筑在面积一万多平方米的大台上,宫殿的总面积超过了五千平方米。
Linde Hall stood on an expansive platform and covered an area of 5000 square meters.
在中国历史上,麟德殿是最大的木结构单体建筑。
It was the largest single wood structure in imperial China.
在梁柱和屋檐之间,巨大的斗拱层层叠加、错落有序。
The huge, bow-shaped arms between the girders and eaves were graceful and exquisite.
在这些斗拱的支撑下,屋檐向外伸展,像巨鸟的翅膀一样高挑上扬,庞大而不失轻灵,威严中显露活泼。
They supported wing-like eaves, which extended upward. The design was statedly yet vibrant at the same time.
这样巨大的宫殿,亘古未有;这样的风格设计,空前绝后。
Such a magnificent hall had no precedentand its design was impossible to duplicate.
整齐而不呆板,华美而不纤巧,蔚为壮观的麟德殿是中国古代建筑的典范。
Grand but not too formal, the magnificent Linde Hall was a remarkable achievement of imperial Chinese architecture.
气魄雄浑,格调高迈,麟德殿代表着大唐建筑艺术的辉煌成就。
With its awe-inspiring style, Linde Hall was the best example of Tang architecture.
与前朝的三大殿不同,麟德殿是皇帝举办宫廷宴会的场所。这是大唐等级最高的宴会厅,只有那些地位显赫的人才有资格来到这里。
Linde Hall was the most prestigious royal banquet hall, and it received only the most prominent guests.
公元702年,武则天在麟德殿诏见一个叫论弥撒的吐蕃使臣。
In 702, Empress Wu Zetian met with a Tufan envoy called Lunmisa at Linde Hall.
“陛下,小臣出生边远偏僻之乡,从未聆听过宫廷乐舞。今日亲眼目睹,还望陛下恩准小臣近前观看。”
Your Majesty, I grew up in a remote village, I’ve never seen court dances before. This is a precious opportunity for me today. Please allow me to have a closer look.
巨大的宫殿,华美的舞蹈,艳丽的服装,高高在上的女皇,边陲之地的吐蕃人从未见过如此景象。
The Tufan from the remote border area had never seen such a giant palace or such beautiful dances before.
论弥撒和吐蕃使团成员不知所措、目瞪口呆,大唐的风范只有亲眼目睹才能够感受。
The riches of the Tang Dynasty were beyond description. Lunmisa and members of his delegation were dazed by the magnificence of Tang.
/三彩文官女俑/
/Female Civil Official Figurines/
女皇的一生代表着一个时代。在那个时期,女人们获得了前所未有的生存空间和自由,女性的社会地位大幅度提高。
During the reign of the empress, women achieved unprecedented freedom and social status.
/彩绘男装女俑/
/Figurines of a Female wearing Men’s Clothing/
在大明宫,女人不仅是最高统治者,一些贵族出身的女官们也经常参政议政,尤其是宫廷佳丽和贵族女子,她们经常扮演曾经只属于男人的角色。
The head of Daming Palace was a woman, some female officials were dealing with political affairs, and an increasing number of imperial ladies and female aristocrats were filling roles that had previously belonged only to men.
根据史料记载,大明宫里的宫女们非常喜欢一种娱乐活动——蹴鞠。蹴鞠最早起源于军事训练,是流行于中国古代的一种体育运动,有点类似现代的足球比赛。在唐代以前,这种娱乐活动被认为并不适合女人。
According to historical records, maids in Daming Palace were particularly fond of cuju, a popular kind of sport similar to modern day football. This may have been invented for military training purposes, and had previously been considered an activity for men only.
但是在大明宫,在长安城,在大唐帝国,女人可以和男人一样,参与她们喜欢的任何娱乐活动。
But women in the Tang empire were able to participate in any entertainment activity just like men.
/三彩腾空马/
/Flying Horse/
根据唐代的史料来看,有唐一代,女人拥有很大程度的婚姻自主,离婚和再嫁非常普遍。
Records also show that Tang women enjoyed considerable freedom in marriage and divorce.
在女皇当政的时代,女人服饰开放而又华丽。遮挡脸部的面纱消失了,美丽的容颜完全暴露在阳光下。
During Empress Wu’s reign, women’s clothing styles were beautiful and bold. Their faces were no longer veiled.
从大明宫开始,长安开始流行一种无领的女装,里面竟然没有内衣,裙带当风,纱罗飘舞。
One collarless dress that originated in Daming Palace became popular across Chang’an. Surprisingly, it was designed to be worn with no underwear.
大唐的女人所拥有的生活,即使是今天的人们也很难想象。
The liberal lifestyle of Tang women was shocking even by today’s standards.
/宫女图/
/Mural of Maid of Honor/
宫廷引领着长安的时尚,逐渐波及整个长安城。
The royal court was the fore front of fashion in Chang’an.
/观鸟补蝉图/
/Mural of Viewing Birds and Catching Cicadas/
史书记载,在武则天统治的年代,每逢春暖花开,长安的街道上冠盖盈野、美人如云。每逢良辰美景、佳节丽日,女人们更是浓妆艳抹,看花踏青、观灯赏月。
According to historical records, with the arrival of Spring, women would fill the streets of the city, and on special occasions dress themselves up and go to watch the lanterns or enjoy the moonlight.
今天,在唐代的绘画里,从这些出土墓葬的壁画中,我们依然能够感受到她们的激情,触摸到她们扑面而来的青春气息。
Through the Tang paintings and frescos, we can feel their passion and vivacity.
在人类文明史上,像武则天这样影响过一个时代的女人非常罕见。
Throughout the history of human civilization, few women have influenced an era as much as Wu Zetian.
在唐高宗之后,一代女皇延续了贞观之治的辉煌,大唐在她的手中如日中天。
The Empress was able to continue the brilliance of previous rulers. Under her rule, Tang prospered like the sun at high noon.
公元 702 年十二月,大唐骑兵抵达天山以北,帝国在庭州设立了北庭大都护府。
In December 702, soon after the Tufans left Chang’an, the Tang cavalry arrived on the north side of Tianshan Mountains and set up the Beiting Governor’s Office to administer the vast territory.
/大唐疆域图-武则天时期/
/Territory Map of Tang, Reign of Empress Wu/
北庭大都护府掌管天山以北的广阔土地,安西大都护府统辖远至碎叶的安西四镇及天山南麓。女皇不仅维护了帝国版图的完整,而且极大地扩展和延伸了丝绸之路。
The previously established Anxi Governor’s Office took charge of the areas south of Tianshan. This way, the empress was able to protect the territory from invasion and help develop the Silk Road.
对于大唐帝国而言,武则天留下了丰厚的文化遗产。她在大明宫第一次设立武举制,又创立了殿试制度。
Wu Zetian also left a rich cultural legacy for the empire. For the first time, exams for martial arts were introduced. Exams were also held at the imperial court.
从武则天开始,科举出身的平民之士逐渐代替了世袭的贵族和门阀,大唐的官僚政治日益成熟。
As a result, outstanding commoners gradually came to replace the hereditary nobility, as the political system matured.
女皇是一代靓丽的彩虹,以自己的光芒照亮了大唐的天空。
The empress was like a beautiful rainbow, illuminating the sky of the Tang empire.
/公元705年-洛阳城/
/705 A.D. – Luoyang City/
公元705年,八十二岁的武则天离开了人世。大明宫留给她的是一个灿烂瑰丽的梦。
In 705, Empress Wu Zetian died at the age of 82. What Daming Palace left her was a magnificent dream.
在长达半个世纪的时间里,这个女人统治着当时世界上人口最多、名望最为显赫的帝国。在中国历史上,这是独一无二的纪录。
For half a century, she had ruled the world’s most populous and most prominent empire. It was a feat unparalleled in Chinese history.
/乾陵-陕西省乾县/
/The Qian Tomb, Qian County, Shanxi Province/
女皇告诉自己的子孙,她离世之后,去掉皇帝的称号,以皇后的名义葬于乾陵。
Wu Zetian left a will that “emperor” should be removed from her title, and that she should be buried at the Qian Tombs in the name of empress.
乾陵位于陕西省的乾县,武则天和唐高宗李治就合葬在这里。
The Qian Tomb were located in Qian County of Shaanxi Province. Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian were buried there.
对于武则天而言,李治是她始终感激和深爱的人。没有唐高宗李治,就没有女皇武则天传奇的一生。
Empress Wu was eternally grateful to Gaozong who had made her legendary ascent to the throne possible.
/公元709年-大明宫·梨园/
/709 A.D. – The Pear Garden/
武则天离世之后,第三个儿子李显继位,这就是唐中宗。大唐的江山重新回到李氏家族手中。
After the death of Wu Zetian, her third son, Li Xian, succeeded to the throne as Emperor Zhongzong, as the Li family regained control of the Tang empire.
公元709年,吐蕃使臣论弥撒第三次来到大明宫。在太液池东边的梨园广场,唐中宗李显举行了一场盛大的马球比赛,用来欢迎远道而来的吐蕃人。
In 709, Lunmisa, the Tufan envoy, came to Daming Palace for the third time, and in the courtyard east of Taiye Lake, he took part in a polo competition with the emperor.
在中国古代典籍中,马球也叫击鞠。据说,这种古代最奢华的体育娱乐活动源自波斯。也有资料显示,马球就源自西北高原上的吐蕃人。
In old Chinese texts, polo was also referred to as ball-striking. The prestigious game was said to have come from Persia, and some records show it was invented by the Tufans.
/马球图/
/Mural of Polo Playing/
唐朝初年,马球首先在宫廷中开始流行。
In the early years of the Tang empire, Polo first became popular in the royal court.
唐中宗李显尽管性格懦弱,却非常喜欢暴烈刺激的马球。
Although weak in character, Emperor Zhongzong loved the violent game.
由于皇室的偏好,大明宫中修建了好几处马球场。禁军将士、贵族官僚等都是狂热的马球分子。
There were several polo courts inside Daming Palace, and many royal guards and officials were ardent fans of the game.
比赛在皇家马球队和吐蕃马球队之间进行。皇家马球队由大明宫中的禁军战士组成,吐蕃马球队则是骑术高超的吐蕃贵族。
The match was held between a Tang Royal Team and a Tufan Team. The Tang team was made up of the royal guards, while their opponents were all Tufan aristocrats.
对于大唐的皇帝李显而言,这是一场不能输的比赛。泱泱大唐,无论如何都不能输给边远的吐蕃。吐蕃人在不久前的战争中被大唐打败,渴望通过马球比赛挽回颜面。
For Emperor Li Xian, losing the game would mean a defeat for his empire, while the Tufan hoped a win would help regain some dignity after losing a recent war with the Tang.
马球是一项典型的男人运动,对于球手和马匹的要求都非常高。
Polo was a man’s sport, demanding much from both players and horses.
这些奔驰在球场上的马必须经过严格的训练,训练的难度远远高于对战马的要求。对于球手而言,不仅要有高超的骑术,还要拥有铁一般的意志。
Polo horses had to undergo stringent training, and players also needed to develop superb skills and perseverance in order to succeed.
马球场就是战场。从马上坠落,摔断腿骨,甚至致死,常有发生。这是一项极度危险的娱乐活动。
The field was like a battleground. Falling from the horses could mean broken bones or even death. This was an extremely dangerous game.
史书记载,比赛开始之后不久,皇家马球队就非常被动,这些禁军士兵并非吐蕃人的对手。
According to historical records, shortly after the game commenced, the Tufans took complete control of the game.
吐蕃人名不虚传,他们的击球技术确实很高。
The royal guards were no equals of the Tufans who were very skillful polo players.
唐中宗非常狼狈,不得不要求换人。
An embarrassed Emperor Zhongzong was forced to change players.
换人之后,比赛重新开始。
The match resumed after a change of players.
这一次脸面尽失的是吐蕃使臣论弥撒,大唐的荣誉得以保全。比赛最终以皇家马球队大胜而结束。
This time, it was the Tufans who were embarrassed, as the Tang royal team eventually won by a wide margin. The honor of the empire was preserved.
扭转败局的大唐球手是临淄王李隆基。李隆基是女皇武则天的孙子,这个年轻人即将走向大唐的历史舞台。
It was Prince Li Longji who helped turn the game. This grandson of Empress Wu was about to emerge on the Tang political stage.
/公元710年-玄武门/
/710 A.D. – Xuanwu Gate/
公元710年,吐蕃人论弥撒离开大唐后不久,大明宫的玄武门又一次爆发了政变。
In 710, shortly after Lunmisa left, another coup occurred at Daming Palace’s Xuanwu Gate.
在中国传统文化里,玄武是镇守北方的大神,但大唐的玄武门似乎总与宫廷政变联系在一起。
In traditional Chinese culture, Xuanwu was the god who protects the north, but within the empire, Xuanwu Gates had always been related to coups.
唐太宗在太极宫的玄武门发动了政变,夺取了帝国的大权,而这一次策划政变的人是李隆基。
Emperor Taizong seized power after a coupat Taichi Palace’s Xuanwu Gate. This time, Li Longji led the coup.
武则天之后,继位的唐中宗李显优柔寡断,大权逐渐落到皇后韦氏手中,朝纲一时非常混乱。
After the death of Empress Wu, power gradually fell into the hands of Empress Wei, which resulted in political chaos.
在帝国最需要的时候,李隆基站了出来。图谋不轨的韦皇后被杀,大唐的秩序重新恢复。
Li Longji then staged a coup in which Empress Wei was killed and order was once again restored to the empire.
/大明宫-宣政殿/
/Xuanzheng Palace/
公元712年,李隆基从父亲唐睿宗李旦那里继承了帝位,这就是唐玄宗。
In 712, Li Longji succeeded his father Ruizong and was crowned as Emperor Xuanzong.
唐玄宗刚刚登上帝位,就在大明宫的宣政殿举行了一场特殊的殿试。
Soon after taking power, Xuanzong held aspecial exam at Xuanzheng Hall.
这些考生是吏部最新任命的一批县令,在他们上任之前,皇帝决定亲自考核。
The examinees were newly appointed county magistrates. The emperor wanted to test them before they took office.
在唐玄宗看来,帝国的根基在于成百上千的郡县。作为地方长官的县令,级别虽然不高,却是帝国的基石,这些未来的县令必须是合格的人才。
His thinking was, low of rank though they were county magistrates held significant positions, and must therefore meet certain qualifications.
隋朝初创科举制,文人们从此能够以自己的才华而进入朝堂,为国家效力。
The civil examination system created by the Sui Dynasty allowed those with requisite talent to become officials.
大唐建国以后,科举制日益成熟,越来越多的读书人成为大唐的栋梁之材。
The system matured in the Tang Dynasty, as an increasing number of intellectuals assumed key posts in the empire.
李隆基继承帝位又后改革科举制,在限制官员数量的同时,大力提高官员的整体素质。
Upon taking the throne, Emperor Xuanzong decided to reform the civil examination system, both to reduce the number of officials and to improve their quality.
同时,在中央和地方官员之间实行轮换制度,既增进了中央与地方之间的沟通,又全面提高了官员的管理才能。为了及时了解地方的治理情况,帝国设置了专门的采访使,对州县各级官员进行有效地监督和考核。
Central and local officials were required torotate posts, and the emperor appointed special inspectors to oversee and review the performance of officials at all levels.
考试持续了一整天,精力充沛的唐玄宗当时就颁布了考试结果。
The examination lasted an entire day, and the results were immediately announced.
根据唐代的史料记载,在一百多位考生当中,只有一人为可造之材,此人将立即赴任,在都城长安所辖之地就职。
Out of more than 100 local magistrates, only one proved himself highly capable and was chosen for a post in the Chang’an area.
二十多人基本合格,择日派往帝国的四面八方。
More than 20 met basic standards and would be sent across the empire to assume their positions.
将近一半人为滥竽充数之辈,返回家乡继续读书。
More than half were deemed incompetent and were sent home to continue their studies.
经过唐玄宗的励精图治,大唐的朝纲开始焕然一新,一个空前的盛世即将到来。
Thanks to the wisdom of Emperor Xuanzong, theTang administration took on a new look. A golden era was about to dawn.