制作：Osmosis；翻译：Wilber；校对：ivlvn
中字视频见微博【Meducal医学】
难词要点：https://quizlet.com/_5l00zm
心脏肿瘤是细胞异常增生，在心脏中形成肿块。如果细胞有扩散并侵入其他组织的潜能，即所谓转移，那通常被认为是恶性肿瘤，也被称为癌症。如果不能侵入其他组织，那就称之为良性肿瘤。
Cardiac tumors are abnormal growths of cells forming a mass in the heart. If the cell growth has the potential to spread to and invade other tissues, called metastasis, it’s known as a malignant tumor, and is also more commonly known as a cancer. If it is not able to invade other tissues, it’s referred to as a benign tumor.
继发性心脏肿瘤
大多数心脏肿瘤多为继发性的，即从身体其他地方发展而来，转移并扩散到心脏。即使继发性肿瘤能来自身体各处，通常是来自肺癌、淋巴瘤或淋巴系统癌症、乳腺癌、白血病、黑色素瘤或皮肤癌、肝癌、肠癌等等。
Now the vast majority of tumors of the heart are actually secondary, meaning that a tumor developed developed else in the body, metastasized, and spread to the heart. Even though these secondary tumors can come from anywhere, they’re most commonly metastases from lung cancer, lymphoma or lymphatic system cancer, breast cancer, leukemia or blood cell cancer, melanoma or skin cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer, and colon cancer, in that order.
癌症通常由淋巴系统转移到心包，即心脏周围的膜。当转移到心包时，往往会导致心包炎，即心包被感染引起的炎症，并引起心包积液，即在心包腔内积聚液体。转移到心肌并不是很常见，但当癌细胞扩散到血液时会提高心肌癌的可能性。
Cancer most commonly metastasizes through the lymphatic system to the pericardium, the membrane around the heart. When the pericardium is involved, it often leads to pericarditis—inflammation of the pericardium—and pericardial effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Metastases to the myocardium are less common, but arise more commonly when cancer spreads via the blood.
原发性心脏肿瘤
原发性心脏肿瘤实际上特别罕见，成人中最常见的原发肿瘤类型是粘液瘤。粘液瘤是源于心内间充质结缔组织的良性肿瘤，而非心肌细胞或者是心脏细胞。因为成年人的心脏已完全发育，心肌细胞是不增殖的永久性细胞。这些肿块也是带蒂的，意味着它附着于**，即一杆组织，由于组织学上的基底物质丰富，它们通常黏附在一起。
Primary cardiac tumors, on the other hand, are actually extremely rare. The most common type of primary tumors in adults—when they do happen—are myxomas. Myxomas are benign tumors that arise from the mesenchymal connective tissue inside the heart as opposed to the actual myocytes, or the heart cells, since as an adult, the heart’s fully developed and its cells, or myocytes, are permanent cells that don’t proliferate. These masses are also pedunculated, meaning it’s attached to a peduncle...or a stalk of tissue, and also gelatinous in consistency as a result of an abundance of ground substance on histology.
如果肿块在左心房形成，当血液流经心房，它会四处晃动，接近二尖瓣，阻碍血液由左心房经由二尖瓣流入左心室，可引起晕厥发生。手术移除粘液瘤可以起到治愈效果。
With this big mass on a stick in the left atrium, when blood flows through the atrium, it can sort of swing around and get close to the mitral valve, which can block blood from flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle through the mitral valve and can cause syncopal episodes. Surgical removal of the myxoma is typically curative.
婴儿和儿童中最常见的原发性心脏肿瘤是横纹肌瘤。横纹肌指条状肌肉组织，这里就指心肌。横纹肌瘤是良性肿瘤且通常影响心室，被认为是错构瘤而非肿瘤。“Hamart”的意思是“错误的”，错构瘤即正常组织异常生长形成的产物，也就是组织在生长出现了一些差错。
The most common primary cardiac tumor in infants and children are rhabdomyomas. Rhabdomyo refers to striated muscle tissue, or cardiac muscle tissue in this case, so rhabdomyomas are benign tumors of the heart that usually affect the ventricles, and are best considered hamartomas rather than a true neoplasm. “Hamart” means “fault”, so hamartomas are actually the result of an abnormal formation of normal tissue, so basically there was some fault in how the tissue grew.
这些肿块通常发生在患有结节性硬化症的病人中，这是一种会在不同组织中引发非肿瘤细胞的遗传疾病，由于TSC1和TSC2抑癌基因突变。这些基因通常抑制肿瘤生长，因此基因突变导致肌细胞过度生长。大多数横纹肌瘤通常会自发消退，如果它们真的引起症状，例如阻塞心脏瓣膜或血液从心脏流出，我们能用手术将其移除。
These developmental masses happen frequently in patients that also have tuberous sclerosis — a genetic disorder causing these non-cancerous masses to form in various tissues. And this is due to mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, genes that usually suppress tumor growth, therefore a mutation leads to myocyte overgrowth. Most rhabdomyomas actually usually regress spontaneously. If they do cause symptoms, though, like for example obstructing a valve or the outflow of blood from the heart, they may be surgically removed.
【开源医维传送门】
https://www.osmosis.org/invite/gL9HB3x
