access 1) a way of entering or reaching a place 通道；道路：The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields. 去那农舍的唯一通路是穿过田野。 ◇ The police gained access through a broken window. 警察从一扇破窗户里钻了进去。 2)（使用或见到的）机会，权利：Teachers have free access to the library. 教师可以自由使用图书馆。 ◇ Only high officials have access to the president. 只有高级官员才可以见到总统。

accommodation a place to live, work or stay in 住处；办公处；停留处：temporary accommodation 临时的住处 ◇ The price for the holiday includes flights and accommodation. 度假的价格包括机票和住宿。

adjustment 1) a small change 调整；调节：a few minor adjustments to the timetable 对时间表作的几项微调 ◇ She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera. 她稍微调了调相机的焦距。 2) （行为或思想的）调整，适应：He has so far failed to make the adjustment from school to work. 他到现在还没有适应从学生生活到工作的变化。

admission 1) 准许进入；准许加入：The tried to get into the club but were refused admission. 他们试图进入俱乐部，但遭到拒绝。 ◇ She failed to gain admission to the university of her choice. 她未获自己选择的大学录取。 2)（尤指对过错、罪行的）承认，供认，招认：an admission of guilt/failure/defeat 承认有罪/失败/被击败 3) 入场费；门票费：The admission charge/fee is £2. 门票是两英镑。

allowance 1) 津贴；补贴；补助：a living/travel allowance 生活/交通补贴 2)（父母给小孩的）零花钱：Mother gives us a weekly allowance if we keep our room clean. 如果我们保持房间整洁的话，妈妈就会每周给我们零花钱。 3) make allowance(s) for sth 顾及，考虑到（如在决策或计划时）：We should make allowance for bad weather and have plenty of umbrellas available. 我们应该考虑到有可能会遇上恶劣天气，所以应该备足雨伞。 4) make allowance(s) for sb 体谅（某人）：He’s tired so I’ll make allowances for him. 他很累，所以我会体谅他。

alternative a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities 可供选择的事物：You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives. 你的工资可以按周以现金支取，或按月以支票支取。二者可选其一。 ◇ We have no alternative but to fire Gibson. 我们别无他法，只得辞退吉布森。

ambition 1) 野心；雄心；志向；抱负：She’s got a lot of ambition. 她很有抱负。 2) 追求的目标；夙愿：She never achieved her ambition of becoming a famous writer. 她一直未能实现当名作家的夙愿。

appeal 1) 上诉；申诉：She decided to make an formal appeal through her lawyer. 她决定通过律师正式提出上诉。  2) 吸引力；感染力；魅力：What is the particular appeal of this island? 这个岛的迷人之处在哪里？ ◇ The film has great appeal for young audiences. 这部电影备受年轻观众喜爱。 3)（尤指慈善机构或警方的）呼吁，吁请，恳求：They’re launching an appeal to raise money for the homeless. 他们正在呼吁社会为无家可归者捐款。 ◇ The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm. 警方呼吁公众保持镇静。

appointment 1) 约会；预约；约定：I’d like to make an appointment with Doctor Evans, please. 劳驾，我要预约埃文斯大夫的门诊。 2) 任命；委任：They congratulated him on his appointment as chairman. 他们祝贺他被任命为主席。

approach 1)（待人接物或思考问题的）方式，方法，态度：a new approach to teaching language 新的语言教学法 ◇ to adopt a different approach 采用一种不同的方法 ◇ He is conventional in his approach to life. 他的生活态度是守旧的。 2)（距离或时间上）靠近，接近：Our approach frightened the birds. 我们的靠近惊了那些鸟。 ◇ the approach of spring 春天的来临 3) 通路；路径；道路：the approaches to the city 进城的道路

approval 1) 赞成；同意；赞许：Do the plans meet with your approval? 这些计划你赞成吗？ 2) 批准，通过，认可（计划、要求等）：The president has already given his approval to the plan. 总统已经批准了这个计划。

atmosphere 1)（围绕地球的）大气，大气层，大气圈：pollution of the atmosphere 大气污染 2) 气氛；氛围：a relaxed atmosphere 一种轻松的气氛

bargain 1) 便宜货；减价品：The car was a bargain at that price. 那辆车的价格真便宜。 2) 协议；交易：to make a bargain 达成协议

barrier 1) 隔栏；障碍物：The crowd had to stand behind barriers. 人群只好站在障碍物后面。 2) 障碍；阻碍：Shyness is one of the biggest barriers to making friends. 害羞是交友的最大障碍之一。 3) 分界线；屏障：The mountains form a natural barrier between the two countries. 群山形成了两国之间的天然屏障。

breakthrough 突破；重大进展：Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer. 科学家在癌症治疗方面取得了重大突破。

claim 1) 声明；宣称；断言：The singer has denied the magazine’s claim that she is leaving the band. 这名歌手已否认那家杂志有关她要离开乐队的说法。 2)（尤指对财产、土地等要求拥有的）所有权：They have no claim to the land. 他们无权索要那块土地。 3)（根据权利而提出的）要求，索赔：pay/wage claim 提高工资的要求 ◇ claims for compensation 索赔的要求 ◇ a claim for $2000 要求2000美元的索赔

coincidence 巧合，巧事；同时发生：What a coincidence! I wasn’t expecting to see you here. 真巧！我没料到会在这里见到你。 ◇ It was pure coincidence that we were staying in the same hotel. 真是太巧了，我们就住在同一家宾馆。

commitment 1) 承诺：Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service. 我们公司对质量和客户服务作出承诺。 2)（对工作或某活动）献身，奉献，投入：Her commitment to work is beyond question. 她的敬业精神是不容置疑的。 3)（为某种目的在金钱、时间、人力等方面）投入，使用，花费：Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy. 取得这种水平的成就需要花费时间和精力。

compensation 赔偿金；补偿金：She received £40 000 in compensation for a lost eye. 她得到4万英镑，作为对失去一只眼睛的赔偿。 ◇ You should claim compensation. 你应该要求赔偿。

competence the ability to do sth well 能力；胜任：Doctors have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence. 医生必须不断更新知识，以保持自己的专业能力。 ◇ to gain a high level of competence in English 获得高水平的英语能力 ◇ Her competence as a teacher is unquestionable. 她的执教能力无可置疑。

component 组成部分；成分；零部件：computer components 计算机零部件 ◇ Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle. 锻炼身体是健康生活方式的一个重要组成部分。

compromise 妥协；折中：It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today’s talks. 希望今天的会谈能达成妥协。

congratulation 恭喜；祝贺：to offer/send your congratulations to sb 向某人致以祝贺 ◇ “I’ve just passed my driving test!” “Congratulations!” “我刚通过了驾驶考试！” “祝贺你！”

conscience 良心；良知：to have a clear/guilty conscience 问心无愧/有愧 ◇ He won’t let it trouble his conscience. 他不会让这件事搞得自己良心不安。

consent 许可，允许；同意：He took the car without the owner’s consent. 他没有得到车主的许可就把车开走了。 ◇ Her parents gave their consent to the marriage. 她父母同意了这桩婚事。

conservation 1)（对动植物、自然地区、历史建筑等的）保护：wildlife conservation 野生生物保护 ◇ a conservation area 保护区 2)（对自然资源等的）保护，保存，节约：to encourage the conservation of water/fuel 鼓励节约用水/燃油 ◇ energy conservation 能源的节约

context 1)（事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉：the political context of the election 此次选举的政治背景 2) 上下文；语境：You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the context. 你应该能从上下文猜出这个词的含义。

contrast 差别；差异；对照；对比：the contrast between town and country 城乡差别 ◇ By contrast, he was much cleverer. 相比之下，他要机灵得多。

convenience 1) 方便；便利：I like the convenience of living so near work. 我喜欢住在工作地点附近，这样很方便。 2)（通常指房子里的）便利设施；方便装置：The house has every modern convenience. 这所房子里现代化便利设施一应俱全。

conversation （非正式）交谈，谈话：to have a conversation with sb 与某人交谈 ◇ a telephone conversation 电话交谈

criteria （评判或作决定的）标准，准则，原则：the criteria we use to select candidates 我们挑选候选人的标准 ◇ the criteria for measuring how good schools are 衡量学校好坏的标准 【criteria是criterion的复数形式】

curiosity 好奇心；求知欲：Children show curiosity about everything. 儿童对一切事物都显露出好奇心。

dilemma （进退两难的）困境，窘境：to face a dilemma 面临左右为难的困境 ◇ I’m in a dilemma about this job offer. 对于是否接受这个工作，我左右为难。

distinction 1) 差别；区别：distinctions between traditional and modern societies 传统社会和现代社会的差别 2) 优秀；杰出；卓越：Eliot’s distinction as a poet 艾略特作为诗人的杰出才能

drawback (= disadvantage) 缺点；不利因素：It’s a great city — the only drawback is the weather. 这是座不错的城市，唯一的不足就是天气。 ◇ The main drawback to it is the cost. 它的主要缺点是成本高。

emergency 突发事件；紧急情况：The door should only be used in an emergency. 这道门这能在紧急情况下使用。

harmony 融洽；和睦：to live together in perfect harmony 十分和睦地一同生活 ◇ We must ensure that tourism develops in harmony with the environment. 我们必须确保旅游业与环境和谐发展。