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Lessons from the History of UK Environmental Policy
编辑简介：
约翰·哈尔顿（John Haldon）此前曾担任斯尔必·库洛姆·戴维斯教授（Shelby Cullom Davis '30 Professorship）一职。作为 20 世纪中后期国际拜占庭学界代表人物，他在早期-中期拜占庭帝国的社会-经济、制度、政治文化等领域都颇有建树，21世纪以来更是转向了学术研究的前沿领域—拜占庭社会环境史。他的研究方法新颖、理论基础扎实，研究成果更是引领拜占庭学术发展的方向。
其他编辑：
苏珊·欧文斯 (Susan Owens)、哈里特·里特沃（Harriet Ritvo）、托尼·伯顿 (Tony Burton)、康奈尔·汉克斯奥普（Cornell Hanxomphou）、格雷厄姆·沃克 (Graham Walker)
出版：The British Academy（英国国家学术院）
出版日期：2022年10月
ISBN 978-0-85672-683-5
目 录
前言
内容摘要
1、从过去到现在：对历史和政策的评论——约翰·哈尔顿（John Haldon）
2、为瑟尔米尔而战：维多利亚时代的环境冲突——哈里特·里特沃（Harriet Ritvo）
3、公民社会在环境决策中的作用——英国乡村保护运动（CPRE）案例研究——托尼·伯顿 (Tony Burton)
4、通过推进环境权影响环境政策——苏格兰案例研究——康奈尔·汉克斯奥普（Cornell Hanxomphou）
5、英国环境政策里程碑年表——格雷厄姆·沃克 (Graham Walker)
前 言
环境政策由来已久，尽管“环境”只是在近代才成为公众与政治关注的范畴。从约翰·哈尔顿（John Haldon）的长远观点可知，政策史“应该是关于那些有决定权的人所做的决定和他们做决定的方式，以及为什么随着时间的推移而改变”。其中涉及的过程及其意料之中或意料之外的后果本身就很吸引人。但重要的是，它们也能为今天的政策制定者和决策者给予启发。事后看来，我们可以更清楚地发现哪些因素得以延续，哪些因素发生了变化，并更好地理解进步的环境政策是如何出现与演变的。
Environmental policymaking has a long history, even if ‘the environment’ has been framed as a category for public and political concern only in more recent times. A policy history, as John Haldon argues in his long view, ‘should be about how and why the decisions made by those with power to decide, and the way in which they made their decisions, changed through time’. The processes involved, and their intended and unintended consequences, are fascinating in their own right. Importantly, however, they can also offer insights for policy- and decision-makers today. With hindsight, it is possible to see more clearly what has endured and what has changed, and to understand better how progressive environmental policies have emerged and evolved.
接下来的五篇文章就这些问题提供了广泛的视角。我们从哈尔顿对环境与社会互动的长远而广阔的视角开始，这是恰如其分的。另外三篇文章则从不同时期、不同地点等一系列环境挑战与应对措施中汲取了经验教训。最后一篇文章是格雷厄姆·沃克（Graham Walker）对20世纪60年代以来的主要政策发展按时间顺序排列并进行讨论，在更广泛的国际背景下关注英国。这本文集并不试图全面涵盖环境政策史，因为这的确是一项艰巨的任务。相反，其目的是从特定历史中汲取经验教训，找出共同的线索和主题。
The five essays that follow offer a wide range of perspectives on these issues. Appropriately, we begin with Haldon’s long and expansive view of environment– society interactions. Three further essays draw lessons from a range of environmental challenges and responses, manifest over different timescales and in a variety of locations. The closing contribution is Graham Walker’s chronology and discussion of key policy developments since the 1960s, focusing on the UK within a wider international context. The collection does not attempt a comprehensive coverage of environmental policy histories; this would be a major undertaking indeed. Rather, the intention is to draw lessons from particular histories and identify common threads and themes.
一些基本原理几乎没有改变。
其一，自然和（或）人为原因造成的环境问题是人类生存条件的一部分。各个社会都在缓解、适应或取代这些问题（如果做不到，就会时不时地崩溃），新的挑战不时出现。从史前时代、古代和近代到现代，都可以看到这种循环；从哈尔顿的悠久历史、哈里特·里特沃关于19世纪瑟尔米尔水库计划争夺战的描述以及沃克关于20世纪60年代以来发展的概述中，都可以看到这种循环。令人感兴趣的是，我们可以追溯到以前被视为繁荣标志的现象（严重污染、景观退化、交通繁忙、温室气体排放）是如何在重要时刻被重新定格为问题的。年表、瑟尔米尔的故事和托尼·伯顿的文章都说明了这一点。
Some fundamentals have hardly changed. One is that environmental problems, with natural and/or anthropogenic causes, are part of the human condition. Societies have mitigated, adapted to or displaced them (from time to time collapsing if they could not), and new challenges have periodically emerged. This cycle is identifiable from pre-historic times through ancient and more recent history to the modern era; it can be seen in Haldon’s long history, Harriet Ritvo’s account of the nineteenth century struggle over reservoir plans for Thirlmere, and Walker’s overview of developments since the 1960s. It is interesting to trace how phenomena previously lived with, or even seen as signs of prosperity—gross pollution, landscape degradation, traffic growth, greenhouse gas emissions—have at important junctures been re-framed as problems. This is illustrated in the chronology, the Thirlmere story and the essay by Tony Burton.
其二，不平等问题。环境危害的脆弱性和社会应对措施的影响分布不均。在这种情况下，环保主义者有时会被指责为精英主义。里特沃记录了瑟尔米尔的捍卫者是如何被描述为“傲慢的精英主义者，他们希望将兰开夏郡劳动人民需要的资源让位于自己微不足道的享乐”。20世纪70年代，工党政治家安东尼·克罗斯兰（Anthony Crosland）同样抱怨说，反对公路和机场的“中产阶级环保主义者”希望“在他们身后收起梯子”（具有讽刺意义，当有人得到一些东西，但只是为了自己，而其他人却在等待一个永远不会到来的善意姿态……例如，一个人登上船并收起梯子，而其他人则困惑地站在码头，他们在这种自私的行为下没有办法登船）。这种情绪仍然经常在对“邻避症候群”（NIMBY，Not In My Back Yard，意为“不要在我家后院”，指具有外部性（包含正面外部效益和负面外部成本）的公共设施产生的外部效益为大众所共享，而带来的风险和成本却由设施附近居民承受，造成社会生态的不和谐，体现空间利益分配结构的失衡，导致公众心理上的隔阂，地区的房地价下跌，因此极易引发居民抵制，不但极大阻碍了公共设施的建设，而且影响社会稳定秩序的现象。“邻避症候群”的诞生的背景与公民意识的觉醒、新媒体资讯方式、政府政策制度转向有关，根本原因是空间不均衡与利益分配结构之间导致的利益冲突。这个词语于20世纪80年代由当时担任英国环境事务大臣的英国保守党政客尼古拉斯·雷德利（Nicholas Ridley）所使用并广为流传）的指责中出现。然而，最不富裕的社区往往是环境退化的最大受害者。在全球范围内，世界上最贫穷的人已经不成比例地受到气候变化的影响。就地方而言，人们早已认识到，空气污染和“坏邻居”开发对低收入地区的影响更大；康奈尔·汉克斯奥普（Cornell Hanxomphou）讨论了一个典型案例（苏格兰的一个垃圾填埋场）。哈尔顿指出，风险、成本和收益的不公平分配可以追溯到过去，而最近则催生了一场积极的环境正义运动，这也是汉克斯奥普文章的主旨。
A second common thread is that of inequality. Vulnerabilities to environmental hazards, and the impacts of societal responses, have been unevenly distributed. It is in this context that environmentalists have sometimes been accused of elitism. Ritvo records how defenders of Thirlmere were described as ‘arrogant elitists who wished to reserve for their own trivial pleasure’ a resource that the working people of Lancashire needed. In the 1970s, the Labour politician Anthony Crosland similarly complained that ‘middle class environmentalists’ opposing roads and airports wanted to ‘pull up the ladder behind them’. The sentiment still finds frequent expression in accusations of NIMBYism. Yet the least privileged communities tend to suffer most from environmental degradation. At a global scale, the world’s poorest people already suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change. More locally, it has long been recognised that air pollution and ‘bad neighbour’ developments have greater effect on lower income areas; a case in point (a landfill site in Scotland) is discussed by Cornell Hanxomphou. Haldon shows that the inequitable distribution of risks, costs and benefits stretches far back in history, and more recently has spawned an active movement for environmental justice, the subject of Hanxomphou’s essay.
其三（重要的教训），有些战斗永远不会“胜利”，而是反映了必须不断谈判的潜在分歧。过去和现在的环境冲突往往反映了对“好”的不同理解，而不是在“好”与 “坏”之间做出明确的选择。成本和收益（即使可以进行有意义的衡量）是否应纳入功利主义计算，或者是否应更加强调责任与义务，这是一个长期存在的争论，在环境争议中不断重现。毫不奇怪，由于利益、信仰和价值观的深刻差异，环境政策的进展往往是在冲突而非共识的基础上取得的。
A third theme—and an important lesson—is that some battles are never ‘won’ but reflect underlying fault lines that must continuously be negotiated. Environmental conflicts, past and present, often reflect divergent conceptions of ‘the good’ rather than clear choices between ‘good’ and ‘bad’. Whether costs and benefits (even if they can meaningfully be measured) should be incorporated into a utilitarian calculus, or a greater emphasis placed on duties and obligations, is a long-running argument that constantly resurfaces in environmental controversies. And unsurprisingly, given deep differences in interests, beliefs and values, progress in environmental policy has arisen more often out of conflict than consensus.
如果说某些主题历久弥新，那么不可否认的是，环境已经发生了深刻的变化。随着时间的推移，有关环境系统的科学知识已大大扩展，环境已成为科学、政治和决策互动的一个显著领域。自20世纪60年代的“环境革命”以来，各级政策和机构层出不穷（这一点在年表中很清晰），而“标志性”问题的规模与范围也在不断扩张。最重要的是，环境作为一个政治问题已经从边缘走向中心舞台。这些转变涉及知识、政治、制度、社会规范和事件的动态互动。正如伯顿（Burton）所指出的，民间社会组织在其中发挥了重要作用。这其中也存在一个悖论：亟需的变革似乎常常难以实现，但回顾过去，我们却能看到沃克所概括的“缓慢、复杂但却循序渐进的环境决策发展”。
If certain themes have endured over time, there has undeniably been profound change. Scientific knowledge about environmental systems has greatly expanded over time, and the environment has become a visible arena in which science, politics and policymaking interact. Since the ‘environmental revolution’ of the 1960s, policies and institutions have proliferated at all levels (as is clear in the chronology), while the ‘emblematic’ concerns have expanded in scale and scope. Most significantly, the environment as a political issue has moved from the periphery towards centre stage. These transformations have involved the dynamic interaction of knowledge, politics, institutions, social norms and events. In this mix, as Burton shows, the role of civil society organisations has been highly significant. There is a paradox, too; much-needed change has all too often seemed elusive, yet looking back we see the ‘slow, complex, but nonetheless progressive, development of environmental policymaking’ that Walker encapsulates.
尽管取得了实质性进展，但未来仍面临巨大挑战。这些挑战包括（但不仅限于）气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境中的化学品以及当地严重的空气与水污染问题。本文集传达了一些关键信息。首先，尽管技术进步至关重要，但仅靠技术手段是不够的，技术手段本身也需要通过严格审查。哈尔顿指出，在许多历史事件中，“技术与物流创新使社会经济体系得以继续运行，但同时也破坏了同一体系的长期复原力”。在21世纪初，我们可能正处于这样一个时期。从所有文章中还可以得出第二个相关信息：除非充分考虑到社会、文化和政治因素，否则对环境问题的分析和提出的解决方案很可能会产生误导。因此，社会科学和人文学科的见解与自然科学和工程学的见解一样，对于理解过去的发展和指导未来的政策选择至关重要。
Despite substantial progress, immense challenges lie ahead. They include (but extend beyond) climate change, biodiversity loss, chemicals in the environment, and locally serious problems of air and water pollution. A number of key messages emerge from this collection of essays. First, while technological progress will be crucial, technical fixes are not enough and themselves require critical scrutiny. Haldon notes the many historical instances where ‘technological and logistical innovation allowed the social-economic system to continue to function, yet also undermined the longer-term resilience of the same system’. We are possibly at such a moment in the early twenty-first century. A second, related message can be taken from all the essays: it is that analysis of environmental problems and proposed solutions are likely to mislead unless social, cultural and political dimensions are fully taken into account. It follows that insights from the social sciences and humanities are crucial, alongside those from natural science and engineering, in understanding past developments and informing future policy choices.
苏珊·欧文斯教授
剑桥大学纽纳姆学院环境与政策荣誉教授、荣誉研究员，
剑桥大学纽纳姆学院名誉教授
2022年8月29日
内容摘要
自2019年以来，英国科学院一直在编写名为《政策历史》的系列报告，每份报告都涵盖英国公共政策的不同领域。该系列报告的目的是利用历史洞察力和历史经验为决策提供良方。
Since 2019, the British Academy has been producing a series of reports known as Policy Histories, each covering a different area of public policy in the UK. The aim of the series is to use historical insights and learning from history to inform policymaking.
本报告旨在为决策者提供一个重新审视、审查和反思多年来环境政策的机会。这样做的目的是为了从以往环境政策的成败中汲取经验教训。在气候变化和生物多样性丧失的背景下，汲取过去的经验教训，为未来制定有效的政策正变得日益迫切。
This report aims to provide policymakers with an opportunity to revisit, review and reflect on environmental policies over the years. The intention is that, in doing so, lessons can be learnt from the successes and failures of previous environmental policies. Learning from the past to develop effective policies for the future is increasingly urgent in the context of climate change and biodiversity loss.
本报告提供了英国从20世纪60年代至今主要环境政策里程碑的年表与反思。年表以此为起点，因为环境问题正是在这一时期开始形成独特的政策流。报告还提供了四篇补充评论文章，探讨特定的环境政策主题与时间框架。其中两篇文章回顾了古代和19世纪的历史，为年表提供了更广泛的背景；另外两篇文章讨论了20世纪60年代以后的历史，对年表中的关键时刻进行了反思。
This report provides a chronology and reflection on key environmental policy milestones in the UK from the 1960s until now. The chronology takes that period as a starting point as that is when issues on the environment started to form a unique policy stream. The report also offers four complementary commentary pieces exploring specific environmental policy themes and timeframes. Two of the papers provide a broader context for the chronology piece as they review ancient and 19th century history, whilst the other two discuss the 1960s onwards, reflecting on key moments in the chronology.
在政策制定者根据政府在COP26（第26届联合国气候变化大会（简称：COP26）于2021年11月1日至11月12日在苏格兰格拉斯哥举行，由英国中央政府（联同苏格兰自治政府）与意大利政府合作举办，会议通过《格拉斯哥气候公约》，公约要求维持巴黎协定要求把全球气温升高幅度控制在1.5摄氏度以内的目标以及逐步减少煤炭使用）上做出的承诺，实施其25年环境计划和新的环境法案的过程中，我们希望这些文件中新出现的主题和经验教训将非常有价值。
As policymakers build upon the government’s commitments from COP26 and implement its 25 Year Environment Plan and new Environment Act, it is hoped that the emerging themes and lessons from these papers will be valuable.
本报告重点介绍了决策者从历史中汲取的几条重要经验：
文化和社会在环境决策中的重要性
做出与符合利益相关者不同利益的环境决策时所面临的挑战
理解短期政策对长期环境保护影响的重要性
需要以整体和协作的方式制定政策
民间社会组织在制定政策方面可以发挥的关键作用
This report highlights several key lessons from history for policymakers:
历史的教训：文化和社会在环境决策中的意义
我们的年表强调了环境政策的范式转变，以及这些转变如何与社会和文化变革以及科技发展密切相关。艺术在塑造公众环境意识方面的影响对于理解新的社会政治“绿色”运动和运动背后的约束力极为重要。哈里特·里特沃（Harriet Ritvo）在她的章节中展示了这种影响如何比20世纪60年代的反主流文化更为久远，她指出华兹华斯（威廉·华兹华斯，英国浪漫主义诗人，与雪莱、拜伦齐名，也是湖畔诗人的代表，曾当上桂冠诗人）等湖畔诗人和艺术家通过描绘湖区的自然美景激发了人们的自然保护精神。
Our chronology highlights the paradigmatic shifts in environmental policy and how these shifts are intimately connected with social and cultural change as well as scientific and technological developments. The influence of the arts in shaping public consciousness about environmental issues is hugely important in understanding the binding forces behind new socio-political ‘green’ movements and campaigns. Harriet Ritvo shows in her chapter how this influence goes much further back than the counterculture of the 1960s, pointing to the role of Wordsworth and fellow Lake District poets and artists in stimulating the spirit of nature conservation through their depictions of the natural beauty of the region.
约翰·哈尔顿（John Haldon）在其关于文明应对环境威胁的悠久历史一章中详细探讨了文化的作用。他认为，由于科技进步，今天的决策者可能更有能力应对环境威胁，但他们在驾驭文化、政治和经济因素方面面临着与古代文明类似的挑战，而随着社会的发展，这些因素只会变得更加复杂。
John Haldon explores the role of culture in detail in his chapter on the long history of civilisation responses to environmental threats. He argues that while today’s policymakers may be better placed to tackle environmental threats due to scientific and technological advancement, they face similar challenges to ancient civilisations in navigating cultural, political and economic factors, which have only become more complex as societies have developed.
哈尔顿警告说，由于文化和政治经济因素制约着应对环境问题的策略，因此仅依据科学做出的决策很可能会失败。这些因素意味着，即使在更加科学合理的模式下，仍然存在许多复杂性和不合理性。如果政策没有考虑到社会中不平衡的权力关系，没有考虑到历史和现世都是社会中最弱势的群体承担了社会应对环境威胁的最大代价，那么这些初衷良好的政策往往会遭到文化的抵制。
Haldon warns that decisions made solely based on science will likely fail, because cultural and political-economic factors constrain strategies for responding to environmental issues. These factors mean that there remains much complexity and irrationality even in out more scientific-rational paradigm. Well intended policies are often met with cultural resistance if they are not attuned to the uneven power relationships in society and how it has historically as well as presently been the least privileged in society who bear the greatest cost of societal responses to environmental threats.
做出与符合利益相关者不同利益的环境决策时所面临的挑战
决策者一直在努力制定环境政策，以避免与社会不同群体之间相互竞争的利益和环境观点发生冲突。
Policymakers have struggled to develop environmental policies without coming into conflict with competing interests and perspectives on the environment among different groups in society.
长期以来，工商业利益与当地社区利益之间一直存在着对立。哈里特·里特沃撰写的有关瑟尔米尔水库建设之争的章节探讨了19世纪末环境保护与工业化之间的环境争论的发展。环境冲突凸显了个人和社区对环境的不同观点与关系。它揭示了经济发展给政策制定者和企业带来的日益膨胀的增长压力，而这往往是以牺牲环境为代价的，同时也揭示了这对人类和地方的影响。里特沃从瑟尔米尔案例中得出结论，当今的政策制定者在不断增长的城市化和经济增长的持续压力下，应该如何在评估一系列可用方案的基础上，通过广泛咨询当地和非当地利益相关者的意见，做出影响环境的决策。
One of the longstanding antagonisms has been between the interests of business and industry, and those of local communities. Harriet Ritvo’s chapter on the battle over the construction of the Thirlmere reservoir explores the development of the environmental debate between conservation and industrialisation in the late 19th Century. The environmental conflict highlighted individuals’ and communities’ varying perspectives and relationships toward the environment. It revealed the growing pressure that economic development can put on policymakers and businesses to provide growth, often at the expense of the environment, and the impact this has on people and places. Ritvo draws conclusions from the Thirlmere case of how policymakers today, under the continued pressure of ever-increasing urbanisation and delivering economic growth, should make decisions affecting the environment based on assessing the range of available options and by consulting a wide range of both local and non-local stakeholders.
康奈尔·汉克斯奥普在其关于苏格兰环境权利的章节中强调了类似的问题。重要的是，他还展示了在过去几十年中，公民是如何通过采用基于权利的方法，增强其政治力量来挑战影响环境的决策，尤其是影响其健康和安全的决策。汉克斯奥普认为，通过倾听公民的不同关切并平衡不同利益相关者的权利与责任，政策制定者可以做出更好的环境决策，从长远来看对双方都有利。托尼·伯顿（Tony Burton）在本章中还谈到了民间社会组织在为公民提供更强大的声音方面所发挥的作用，这种声音可以超越个人运动，并具有跨领域性。
Cornell Hanxomphou highlights similar problems in his chapter on environmental rights in Scotland. Importantly, he also shows how, in the past few decades, citizens have grown in their political strength to challenge decisions that affect the environment, especially where it impacts their health and safety, by adopting a rights-based approach. By listening to the different concerns of citizens and balancing the rights and responsibilities of different stakeholders, Hanxomphou argues that policymakers can make better environmental decisions that are mutually beneficial in the long run. Tony Burton’s chapter also speaks of the role civil society organisations play in giving citizens a stronger voice that can outlast individual campaigns and cut across.
了解短期政策对长期环境保护影响的重要性
让环境政策产生预期结果是很困难的，因为这些政策往往涉及到在实现长期目标的过程中逐步取得进展。政策还可能在未来产生目前难以预测的意外后果。
Getting environmental policies to produce desired outcomes is difficult because they often involve making gradual progress against longer-term goals. Policies can also have unintended consequences in the future that are hard to predict in the present.
托尼·伯顿（Tony Burton）在研究民间组织在环境问题上的运动作用时，指出了这两个问题。他对“英国乡村保护运动”的案例研究揭示了每一代政策制定者和政策影响者都必须努力维持他们所继承的进步，并对短期政策转变保持警惕，因为这可能会削弱对环境的长期保护。对于某些环境保护和可持续发展问题，例如放弃棕地（指被弃置的工业或商业用地而可以被重复使用的土地。此类土地可能在过往的土地利用中被少量的有害垃圾或其他污染物污染，土地的再次利用变得困难，需要得到适当的清理。在英国，棕地的定义并不特别限制受到污染与否和污染的程度）开发的规划目标，由于政府内部缺乏机构记忆，以及倾向于回归传统智慧而非经验证据和生活经历，因此必须经常重新审视相同的证据和论点。
Tony Burton’s chapter points to both issues when examining the role of campaigning by civil society organisations on environmental issues. His case study of the Campaign to Protect Rural England reveals how each generation of policymakers and policy influencers must work hard to sustain the progress they inherit and remain vigilant to short-term policy shifts, which could lessen long-term environmental protections. For some, issues of environmental protection and sustainability, such as dropping planning targets for brownfield development, the same evidence and arguments must be frequently revisited due to a lack of institutional memory within government and a tendency to revert to conventional wisdom rather than empirical evidence and lived experiences.
决策过程中的短期思维也会扰乱社会对某一问题的看法，并激发新的政治需求。例如，里特沃对瑟尔米尔的案例研究表明，一项经济上必要的决策（修建一座新水库）是如何建立起一种新的公众保护意识的，而这种意识在其他情况下可能还未被发掘出来。这对政策决定产生了长期影响，如国家公园的发展和更好地向公众开放乡村。
Short-term thinking in policymaking can also dislocate society’s perspectives on an issue and activate new political demands. Ritvo’s case study of Thirlmere, for instance, shows how one decision of economic necessity – the building of a new reservoir – built a new public consciousness for conservation that may otherwise have gone untapped. This has had long-term consequences on policy decisions, such as the development of National Parks and better public access to the countryside.
需要以整体和协作的方式制定政策
环境政策涉及的问题范围很广，从来都不是一个部门或机构所能解决的。我们的年表显示了战后环境问题的范围和复杂性是如何迅速发展的。环境政策还与经济和社会政策深深交织在一起，产生了一系列过度决定的影响和意想不到的后果，例如托尼·伯顿一章中讨论的战后城市规划决策对土地使用、车辆排放和能源消耗的影响。
Environmental policies cover an extensive range of issues that have never neatly fit within a single department or agency. Our chronology has shown how the range and complexity of environmental matters have developed rapidly over the postwar period. Environmental policy has also been deeply intertwined with economic and social policies, leading to a range of overdetermined effects and unintended consequences, such as the impact of post-war urban planning decisions on land use, vehicular emissions, and energy consumption that are discussed in Tony Burton’s chapter.
伯顿对英国土地使用和交通规划的分析表明，规划政策的决策必须全面考虑可持续发展的环境、社会和经济支柱。过去的城市愿景可能偏重于经济和社会需求，而现在则必须在未来的经济和社会需求与环境之间取得平衡，以充分考虑什么才符合长期的公共利益。同样，正如哈尔顿所指出，在当时的传统观念中看似合理和有益的东西，从长远来看可能会被证明是有问题的，甚至是灾难性的，这表明必须开展更多联合性和前瞻性的工作来保护子孙后代。
Burton’s analysis of land use and transport planning in the UK shows how crucial it is that planning policy decisions are made holistically, considering the environmental, societal and economic pillars of sustainability. While urban visions may have been skewed towards economic and social needs in the past, they must now balance future economic and social needs with the environment to fully consider what is in the long-term public interest. Equally, as Haldon has pointed out, what appears rational and beneficial within the conventional wisdom of the time may prove problematic, even catastrophic, in the long term, suggesting that much more joined-up, forward-looking work must be done to protect future generations.
民间社会组织在制定政策方面可以发挥的关键作用
公民社会参与决策和伸张正义的能力一直是环境决策的一个重要方面。正如康奈尔·汉克斯奥普和托尼·伯顿所描述的那样，成功的环境政策干预通常来自于政府对公民社会的响应以及与公民社会的合作。
Civil society’s capacity to engage with decision making and access justice has been an important facet of environmental policymaking. Successful policy interventions on the environment have often come from governments responding to and working collaboratively with civil society, as both Cornell Hanxomphou’s and Tony Burton’s chapters describe.
在汉克斯奥普对苏格兰环境政策的分析中，他展示了公民社会组织如何帮助确定关键问题，并将这些问题提上决策者的议程，因为决策者离煤矿工作面较远，需要当地社区提供的情报才能有效确定其影响。反对格林盖尔(Greengairs)垃圾填埋场的运动等例子表明，了解和理解普通公民的关切可以使受影响的社区以及更广泛的政策和法规受益。与社区建立信任、参与和有效协商的关系，将是我们未来推进环境政策的重要工具。
In Hanxomphou’s analysis of environmental policy in Scotland, he shows how civil society organisations can help identify critical issues and put them on the agenda of policymakers who are further from the coal face and in need of intelligence from local communities to properly ascertain the impact. Examples like the campaign against the Greengairs landfill show that unpacking and understanding the concerns of ordinary citizens can benefit the affected communities and wider policy and regulation. A relationship of trust, participation and effective consultation with communities will be essential tools in how we move forward with environmental policy for the future.
对于伯顿所描述的更持久的全国性运动而言，情况也是如此，在这种情况下，通过受人尊敬的民间社会组织开展的组织良好、以证据为基础的运动显然可以发挥作用。英国乡村保护运动 (CPRE) 能够对政策产生积极影响，是因为它与学术研究人员和专家合作，提供了令人信服的证据，并通过适当渠道进行了有效传播。在复杂的政策生态系统中，政策制定者面临着各种相互竞争的需求，这些成熟的民间社会组织能够为合理的政策制定提供重要支持。
This is also the case for more sustained national campaigning such as that described by Burton, where there is a clear role to play for well-organised, evidence-based campaigning through respected civil society organisations. The Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) was able to positively influence policy because it collaborates with academic researchers and experts to deliver compelling evidence and communicate it effectively through the proper channels. In a complex policy ecosystem with competing demands on policymakers, these well-established civil society organisations can provide vital support to sound policymaking.
未完待续！
