下半连续函数(下)
saber抱着小狮子
2023年01月05日 00:25

现在我们来讨论一般的拓扑空间上的下半连续函数的性质,我们先给出两个等价刻画

Thm1%3Af%3AV%20%5Cto%20R下半连续当且仅当%5Cforall%20%20x%20%5Cin%20%20V%2C%5Cforall%20%5Cepsilon%3E0,存在x%5Cin%20V_x%20%5Cin%20%5Ctau%5C%20%20st.%20%20f(y)%5Cge%20f(x)-%5Cepsilon%20%5Cforall%20y%20%5Cin%20V_x

假设f下半连续,V_x%3Df%5E%7B-1%7D%20(f(x)-%5Cepsilon%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20)%20%5Cin%20%5Ctau,而x%5Cin%20V_xf(y)%5Cge%20f(x)-%5Cepsilon%20%5Cforall%20%20y%20%5Cin%20V_x

反之,假设后者成立,只需要注意:f%5E%7B-1%7D(x%2C%2B%5Cinfty)是开集,因为%5Cforall%20x_0%20%5Cin%20f%5E%7B-1%7D%20(x%2C%2B%5Cinfty)%2Cf(x_0)%3Ex,那么取%5Cepsilon%20%3E0%20%20%2Cst.%20f(x_0)-%5Cepsilon%20%3Ex,则存在x_0%5Cin%20V_%7Bx_0%7D%20%5Cin%20%5Ctau%20%20%20st.%5Cforall%20y%20%5Cin%20V_%7Bx_0%7D%20%20%20f(y)%5Cge%20f(x_0)-%5Cepsilon%3Ex,于是V_%7Bx_0%7D%20%5Csubset%20f%5E%7B-1%7D%20(x%2C%2B%5Cinfty)

在给出第二等价刻画之前,定义G_f%3D%5C%7B(x%2Cy)%20%5Cin%20V%20%5Ctimes%20R%7C%20f(x)%20%5Cle%20y%5C%7D

X%20%5Ctimes%20R上的拓扑为自然的乘积拓扑,我们用%5Ctau_1表示。另外我们想补充说明,如果(X%2Cd_1)%2C(Y%2Cd_2)是度量空间,那么如果按照下面这种方式定义乘积空间上的度量,它诱导的拓扑%5Ctau_2将和自然的乘积拓扑一样。

d((x_1%2Cy_1)%2C(x_2%2Cy_2))%3D%5Cmax%20(%20d_1(x_1%2Cx_2)%2Cd_2(y_1%2Cy_2))

请读者自己验证它确实为一度量。一方面,考虑U%5Cin%20%5Ctau_2,那么%5Cforall%20z%3D(z_1%2Cz_2)%20%5Cin%20U,存在%5Cdelta_z%3E0%20st.%20%20B(z%2C%5Cdelta_z)%20%5Csubset%20U,所以U%3D%5Cbigcup_%7Bz%5Cin%20U%7D%20B(z%2C%5Cdelta_z)

而我们注意到(x%2Cy)%20%5Cin%20B(z%2C%5Cdelta_z)%2Cie.%20%20d_1%20(z_1%2Cx)%3C%5Cdelta_z%20%2Cd_2(z_2%2Cy)%3C%5Cdelta%20_z,第一个不等式表示X中的开集,第二个表示Y中的开集,因此B(z%2C%5Cdelta_z)%5Cin%20%5Ctau_1是,因而,U%5Cin%20%5Ctau_1,所以%5Ctau_2%20%5Csubset%20%5Ctau_1。另一方面,%5Ctau_1由形如B_z%3DB(x%2C%5Cdelta_1)%20%5Ctimes%20B(y%2C%5Cdelta_2)的集合生成,取z_1%3D(x_1%2Cy_1)%20%5Cin%20B_z,那么存在%5Cdelta_%7Bx_1%7D%2C%5Cdelta_%7Bx_2%7D%3E0%20st.%20B(x_1%2C%7B%5Cdelta%7D_%7Bx_1%7D)%20%5Csubset%20%20B(x%2C%5Cdelta_x)%20%2CB(x_2%2C%5Cdelta_%7Bx_2%7D)%20%5Csubset%20B(y%2C%5Cdelta_y)

%5Cdelta_%7Bz_1%7D%3D%5Cmin%20(%5Cdelta_%7Bx_1%7D%2C%5Cdelta_%7By_1%7D),那么B(z_1%2C%5Cdelta_%7Bz_1%7D)%5Csubset%20B_z

从而%5Cbigcup_%7Bz_1%20%5Cin%20B_z%7D%20B(z_1%2C%5Cdelta_%7Bz_1%7D)%20%5Csubset%20B_z,然而显然也有B_z%20%5Csubset%20%20%5Cbigcup_%7Bz_1%5Cin%20B_z%7D%20B(z_1%2C%5Cdelta_%7Bz_1%7D),所以得到的等式说明%5Ctau_1%5Csubset%20%5Ctau_2,因而%5Ctau_1%3D%5Ctau_2

这让我们如果在一般的乘积拓扑下建立了一些拓扑性质的结论,关于度量空间的乘积空间,能引入该度量保持我们得到的拓扑性质的结论。

Thm2%3Af%3AV%20%5Cto%20R下半连续当且仅当G_f

f下半连续,我们考虑(x%2Cy)%5Cin%20%7BG_f%7D%5Ec,取%5Cdelta%20%3E0%2Cst.%20f(x)-3%5Cdelta%3Ey,由于存在V_x%20%5Cin%20%5Ctau%20%2Cst.%20%20%5Cforall%20u%20%5Cin%20V_x%20%20%2Cf(u)%5Cge%20f(x)-%5Cdelta%3Ey%2B2%5Cdelta,因而V_x%5Ctimes%20(y-%5Cdelta%2Cy%2B%5Cdelta)%5Csubset%20%7BG_f%7D%5Ec

从而%7BG_f%7D%5Ec开,因而G_f

另一方面,如果%7BG_f%7D%5Ec开,那么取x%5Cin%20V%2C%5Cforall%20%5Cepsilon%20%3E0(x%2Cf(x)-%5Cepsilon%20)%20%5Cin%20%7BG_f%7D%5Ec,从而存在x%5Cin%20V_x%5Cin%20%5Ctau%2C(f(x)-%5Cepsilon-%5Cdelta%2C%20f(x)-%5Cepsilon%2B%5Cdelta)%2Cst.%0A%5Cnewline%20V_x%20%5Ctimes%20(f(x)-%5Cepsilon-%5Cdelta%2Cf(x)-%5Cepsilon%2B%5Cdelta)%5Csubset%20%7BG_f%7D%5Ec

可见%20f(y)%5Cge%20f(x)-%5Cepsilon%20%5Cforall%20y%20%5Cin%20V_x,因此f下半连续

我们指出:f%3AV%20%5Cto%20R下半连续,那么%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20V%2C%5C%7Bx_n%5C%7D%20%5Csubset%20V%20%2Cst.%20x_n%20%5Cto%20x%2C%5Climinf%20f(x_n)%20%5Cge%20f(x)

(反之不对,我们已经在上一节给出反例)证明我们留给读者,它和上一节中在度量空间中的证明完全类似。

f_i%3AV%20%5Cto%20R%20%2Ci%5Cin%20I是下半连续的函数族,那么

f%3AV%5Cto%20R%5Ccup%20%5C%7B%2B%5Cinfty%5C%7D%2Cf(x)%20%3D%5Csup_%7Bi%20%5Cin%20I%7D%20f_i(x)下半连续

(从拓扑空间到广义实数的下半连续函数的定义与我们原有的定义相同)

这只需要注意到%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20R%20%2C%5Csup%20f_i(x)%20%5Cle%20x%2Cie.%20%20%20%5C%20%20f_i%5Cle%20x%20%5Cforall%20i%20%5Cin%20I,因此

f%5E%7B-1%7D%20(-%5Cinfty%20%2Cx%5D%3D%5Cbigcap_%7Bi%5Cin%20I%7D%20%7Bf_i%7D%5E%7B-1%7D%20(-%5Cinfty%2Cx%5D%20为闭集。

接着我们来证明:

Thm3%3Af%3AV%20%5Cto%20R下半连续,V紧致,那么f可以达到最小值

先证f有下界。注意到%5C%7Bf%5E%7B-1%7D%20(-n%2C%2B%5Cinfty)%5C%7D_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%2B%5Cinfty%7DV的开覆盖,由于V紧致,存在有限子覆盖,即,存在m%20%5Cin%20N%20st.%20f%5E%7B-1%7D%20(-m%2C%2B%5Cinfty)%20%3DV,因此,f有下界-m

f下确界为s,假设f无法达到s,那么%5C%7Bf%5E%7B-1%7D%20(s%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty)%5C%7D_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7DV的开覆盖,因而有有限子覆盖,即,存在m%20%5Cin%20N%20%2Cst.%20V%3D%20f%5E%7B-1%7D%20(s%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bm%7D%2C%2B%5Cinfty),即f(x)%3Es%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bm%7D%20%5Cforall%20x%20%5Cin%20V

这与下确界矛盾。

而关于上半连续函数,它的定义,以及这些性质都可以与下半连续函数对称地得到,并且不难发现,一个函数连续当且仅当它上半连续且下半连续。