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本文为CV2401687的资料补充。配合该文食用更佳。
上一期的传送门：CV2408646
本文提要：作战历史、改装套件、出口记录、变形型号
3.3 Variants 衍生型号
附加改装套件：
Merkava Mk.3 “梅卡瓦”3
BAZ System BAZ系统
The 1995 Mark III BAZ (Hebrew acronym for ברק זוהר, Barak Zoher, signifying Shining Lightning) had a number of updates and additional systems including:
Upgraded fire-control system components, from Electro Optics Industries (EL-OP) and Elbit, provides the tank with the ability to engage moving targets while on the move (an automatic target tracker),
NBC protection systems,
Locally developed central air-conditioning system,
Added improvements in ballistic protection,
The Mark IIID has removable modular composite armor on the chassis and turret.
1995年“梅卡瓦”3 BAZ 有许多更新和附加系统，包括：
1.来自电子光学工业公司（EL-OP）和Elbit的火控系统升级组件，使坦克能够在移动中与移动目标交战（自动目标跟踪器），
2.核生化三防系统，
3.中央空调系统，
4.增强了防弹保护能力，
5.“梅卡瓦”3D在底盘和炮塔上加挂可拆卸的模块化附加装甲。
“梅卡瓦”3 BAZ
Dor-Dalet 第四代改装套件（“道尔”改装套件）
The last generation of the Mark III class was the Mark IIID Dor-Dalet (Hebrew: Fourth Generation), which included several components as prototypes to be introduced in the Mark IV.
Upgraded and strengthened tracks (built by Caterpillar, designed in Israel),
Installation of the R-OWS.
“梅卡瓦”3的最后一代是“梅卡瓦”3D “道尔”（希伯来语：第四代），其中包括几个组件作为“梅卡瓦”4上安装的原型：
1.以色列设计，卡特彼勒公司制造的强化履带，
2.R-OWS系统（顶置武器站）。
R-OWS系统
Merkava Mark IV “梅卡瓦”4
Iron Vision helmet-mounted display system “铁视”头盔显示器
In mid-2017, the IDF will begin trials of Elbit's Iron Vision, the world's first helmet-mounted display for tanks. Israel's Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the F-35, plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank's surroundings onto the helmet-mounted display of its crew members. This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside.
2017年中期，IDF将开始试用Elbit的 “铁视”头盔显示器，这是世界上第一款用于坦克的头盔式显示器。以色列Elbit公司为F-35开发了头盔式显示系统，计划使用多个外置摄像头，将坦克环境的360°视图投射到其车组人员的头盔式显示器上。这允许车组留在车内，而不必打开舱口观察外面。
3.4 Derivatives 导数 变形型号
Following the Second Intifada the Israel Defense Forces modified some of their Merkavas to satisfy the needs of urban warfare.
在镇压巴勒斯坦人第二次暴动之后，以色列国防军改装了他们的一些“梅卡瓦”以满足城市战争的需要。
Merkava LIC “梅卡瓦”的低强度冲突型
These are Merkava Mark III BAZ or Mark IV tanks, converted for urban warfare. The LIC designation stands for "Low intensity conflict", underlining its emphasis on counter-insurgency, street-to-street inner-city asymmetrical type warfare of the 21st century.
这些车由“梅卡瓦”3D BAZ 或“梅卡瓦”4改装而来。 LIC的名称代表“低强度冲突”，强调其工作重心在于反叛乱，21世纪的内城逐街区巷战型 不对称战争。
The Merkava is equipped with a turret 12.7 mm caliber coaxial machine gun, which enables the crew to lay down fairly heavy cover fire without using the main gun (which is relatively ineffective against individual enemy combatants). Like the new remote-operated weapon station, the coaxial machine-gun is fired from inside the tank without exposing the crew to small-arms fire and snipers.
她们配备了一门12.7毫米口径的同轴机枪，使车组人员能够在不使用主炮的情况下获得相对重的掩护火力（坦克炮对个别躲藏在死角的武装分子来说相对无效）。像新的遥控武器站一样，同轴机枪从坦克内部控制开火，不会让机组人员受到轻武器和狙击手的伤害。
The most sensitive areas of a tank, its optics, exhaust ports and ventilators, are all protected by a newly developed high-strength metal mesh, to prevent the possibility of explosives charges being planted there.
坦克中最敏感的区域，例如其光学器件，排气口和通风器等都受到新开发的高强度金属网的保护，以防止敌人在那里安装并引爆爆炸物进而瘫痪车辆。
Rubber whip pole-markers with LED tips and a driver's rear-facing camera have been installed to improve navigation and maneuverability in an urban environment by day or by night.
她还安装了 尖端安装LED的橡胶标记杆和驾驶员使用的后置摄像头，以方便在白天或夜晚在城市环境中开车。
Merkava Tankbulance “梅卡瓦”装甲救护车
Some Merkava tanks have been fitted with full medical and ambulance capabilities while retaining their armament (but carrying less ammunition than the standard tank). The cabin area has been converted for carrying injured personnel and has had two stretchers and life support medical station systems added with a full medical team complement to operate under combat conditions with a Merkava battalion. The vehicle has a rear door to facilitate evacuation under fire, and can provide covering fire.
一些“梅卡瓦”坦克安装了完整的医疗和救护设施，同时也保留了他们的武器（但携带的弹药比标准型号坦克少）。步兵舱已经改为携带受伤人员，并且有两个担架和生命支持医疗站系统，能让一个完整的医疗队，在战斗条件下进行医治。该车辆具有后门以便于在火灾下进行疏散，并且可以提供掩护。
The "tankbulance" is not an unarmed ambulance and as such is not protected by the Geneva Conventions provisions regarding ambulances, but it is far less vulnerable to accidental or deliberate fire than an ambulance or armored personnel carrier.
“装甲救护车”不是一辆无武装救护车，因此不受日内瓦公约关于保护救护车的规定，但它比普通救护车或装甲运兵车更不容易发生意外或蓄意的火灾。
Merkava IFV Namer “梅卡瓦-猎豹”步战车
Namer (Hebrew: leopard, which is also an abbreviation of "Nagmash (APC) Merkava"), is an infantry fighting vehicle based on the Merkava Mark IV chassis. In service since 2008, the vehicle was initially called Nemmera (Hebrew: leopardess), but later renamed to Namer.
Namer在希伯来语中意为“猎豹”，这也是Nagmash (APC) Merkava的缩写。她是一款基于“梅卡瓦”4底盘的步战车，08年起服役。她本来叫做“雌豹”，但后来改名“猎豹”。（是小姐姐，awsl [痴汉脸]）
以色列独立日62周年纪念活动上的“猎豹”步战车
Namer is equipped with a Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station (RCWS) armed with either a .50 M2 Browning Heavy Machinegun or a Mk 19 Automatic Grenade Launcher. It also has a 7.62 mm MAG machine gun, 60 mm mortar and smoke grenades. Like the Merkava Mark IV, it is optimized for high level of crew survival on the battlefield. The Namer has a three-man crew (commander, driver, and RCWS gunner) and may carry up to nine infantrymen and a stretcher. An ambulance variant can carry two casualties on stretchers and medical equipment.
“猎豹”配备了Samson遥控武器站（RCWS），配备.50 M2HB或Mk 19自动榴弹发射器。它还配备7.62毫米MAG机枪，60毫米迫击炮和烟雾弹。与“梅卡瓦”4一样，它重点针对战场上车组人员的生存能力进行了优化。“猎豹”有一个三人车组（指挥官，司机和RCWS炮手），最多可携带9名步兵和一副担架。救护车型可以在担架和医疗设备上携带两名伤员。（如果装的是40炮或者57炮就更好了）
68届独立日展览上的“梅卡瓦”战斗工程车
The Golani Brigade used two Namer IFVs during Operation Cast Lead. During Operation Protective Edgemore than 20 vehicles were operated with great success and post operation analysis recommended procuring more of them.
戈拉尼旅在“铸铅行动”期间使用了两辆“猎豹”IFV。在“护刃”行动中，以色列人投入了20多辆该车，取得了巨大的成功，并在战后的分析中建议国防军采购更多“猎豹”。
Merkava ARV Nemmera “梅卡瓦-雌豹”装甲抢修车
The Merkava armored recovery vehicle initially called Namer (Hebrew: leopard), but subsequently renamed Nemmera (Hebrew: leopardess). It is an armored recovery vehicle based on a Merkava Mark III or IV chassis. It can tow disabled tanks and carries a complete Merkava back-up power pack that can be changed in the field in under 90 minutes.
“梅卡瓦”装甲抢修车本名Namer——“猎豹”，但后来改名叫Nemmera——“雌豹”。（又是一位小姐姐 [流口水] ）她基于“梅卡瓦”3/4的底盘发展而来，可以拖曳已瘫痪的坦克，并且能使用随身携带的一套完整的备用动力包，在战场上在90分钟内更换到位。
There are two versions of Nemmera: the heavier equipped with a 42 ton-meter crane and a 35 ton-meter winch, and the smaller equipped with a smaller crane.
“雌豹”有两个版本：较重的型号配备了42吨级的起重机和35吨级的绞车，较小的型号配备了较小的起重机。
Merkava Howitzer Sholef “梅卡瓦-枪手”自行榴弹炮
Two prototypes of Sholef ("Slammer", Hebrew slang for "Gunslinger") 155 mm self-propelled howitzer with an automatic loading system were built by Soltam in 1984–1986. The 45-ton vehicle had a long 155 mm gun barrel giving a range of 45+ km. Using GPS, inertial navigation, and an internal fire controlcomputer, it was also capable of direct fire while on the move. It never entered production.
两辆“枪手”155毫米带有自动装弹机的自行榴弹炮原型车由Soltam于1984-86年建造。这辆45吨重的车有一门155毫米的加榴炮，射程超过45公里。在使用GPS，惯性导航和内部火控计算机时，它还能够在移动中直射。它从未投入生产。
“梅卡瓦-枪手”自行榴弹炮
The Slammer is a heavily armored artillery gun mounted on a modified Merkava Mk 1 chassis. Many of these vehicles are Merkava Mk 1 that were retired after the Merkava Mk 2 and Merkava Mk 3 came into service. The Slammer has a long 52-caliber gun barrel that allows +10% range. Reload speed may be decreased to 1 for one minute every 10 minutes through use of an automatic loader. Ammunition racks are large. The Slammer is ready for autonomous operation (without an FDC) if the target's location is known within 15 seconds of a halt, using GPS, inertial navigation, and an internal fire control computer.
“枪手”是一种带有重型装甲的自行榴弹炮，安装在改良的“梅卡瓦”1底盘上。“枪手”拥有一个52倍径的炮管，能够增加10％的射程。通过使用自动装载机，每隔10分钟装填时间才会降低到1分钟。她的弹药架很大。“枪手”停车15秒后，如果目标的位置已知，使用GPS，惯性导航和内部火控计算机的话，可以做好开火的准备。
The Sholef can be ready to fire only 15 seconds after coming to a complete stop, and fire three projectiles in only 15 seconds. It is compatible with standard NATO 155 mm ammunition, and a total of 75 projectiles can be stowed in one Sholef, 60 of which are ready for combat.
她可以在停车15s后开火，能在15秒内急速射3发。她能使用北约标准的155mm炮弹，车内备弹75发，其中60发在待发弹药架上。
A maximum rate of fire of 9 rds/min can be achieved due to the automatic computerised loading system, and a burst rate of fire of three rounds in 15 seconds.
由于使用了计算机控制的自动装弹机，她可以实现最大射速9发/ 分钟，爆发射速3发/15秒。
3.5 Combat History 作战历史
1982 Lebanon War 1982年黎巴嫩战争
The Merkava was used widely during the 1982 Lebanon War. The tank outperformed contemporary Syrian tanks (mostly T-62s) and proved largely immune to the anti-tank weapons of the time (the AT-3 Sagger and RPG-7) that were used against it. It was judged to be a significant improvement over Israel's previously most effective main battle tank, the Centurion. Israel lost dozens of tanks during the conflict, including a number of Merkavas.
“梅卡瓦”1在1982年黎巴嫩战争期间被广泛使用。该坦克的性能优于同时期的叙利亚坦克（大多数是T-62）并且在很大程度上能够免疫当时的反坦克武器（AT-3和RPG-7）。它被认为是对以色列在此之前最有效的主战坦克——“百夫长”的重大改进。在冲突期间，以色列失去了数十辆坦克，包括一些“梅卡瓦”。
1982年黎巴嫩战争期间，一辆被击中的“梅卡瓦”1
Second Intifada 巴勒斯坦人第二次暴动
In February 2002, a Merkava III was destroyed by a roadside bomb near Netzarim in the Gaza Strip. The tank was lured into intervening in an attack on a settler convoy. The tank went over a heavy mine (estimated 100 kg TNT), which detonated and totally destroyed the tank. Four soldiers were killed in the blast. This was the first main battle tank to be destroyed during the Second Intifada. A second Israeli tank, a Merkava II or Merkava III, was destroyed a month later in the same area and a further three soldiers were killed. A third Merkava II or III tank was destroyed near the Kissufim Crossing, when one soldier was killed and two wounded.
2002年2月，加沙地带Netzarim附近的一枚路边炸弹炸毁了一枚“梅卡瓦”3。该坦克的任务是干预阿拉伯人对定居者车队的攻击。坦克压过了一个重型地雷（估计100公斤TNT），地雷引爆并完全摧毁了坦克。爆炸中有四名士兵丧生。这是第二次暴动期间第一辆被摧毁的主战坦克。第二辆报废的以色列坦克是一辆“梅卡瓦”2或3，于一个月后在同一地区被摧毁，三名士兵死亡。第三辆“梅卡瓦”2或3在Kissufim路口附近被摧毁，当时一名士兵死亡，两人受伤。
2006 Lebanon War 2006年黎巴嫩战争
During the 2006 Lebanon War, five Merkava tanks were destroyed. Only the minority of the tanks used during the war were Merkava Mark IVs, as by 2006 they had still only entered service in limited numbers. Hezbollah fired over 1,000 anti-tank missiles during the conflict against both tanks and dismounted infantry. Some 45 percent of all tanks and armoured vehicles hit with antitank missiles during the conflict suffered some form of armour penetration. In total, 15 tank crewmen were killed by these ATGM penetrations. The penetrations were caused by tandem warhead missiles. Hezbollah weaponry was believed to include advanced Russian RPG-29 'Vampir', AT-5 'Konkurs', AT-13 'Metis-M', and laser-guided AT-14 'Kornet' HEAT missiles. The IDF reported finding the state-of-the-art Kornet ATGMs on Hezbollah positions in the village of Ghandouriyeh. Several months after the cease-fire, reports have provided detailed photographic evidence that Kornet ATGMs were indeed both in possession of, and used by, Hezbollah in this area. Another Merkava IV tank crewman was killed when a tank ran over an improvised explosive device (IED). This tank had additional V-shaped underside armor, limiting casualties to just one of the seven personnel (four crewmen and three infantrymen) on board. In total, five Merkava tanks (two Merkava IIs, one Merkava III, and two Merkava IVs) were destroyed. Of these two Merkava Mark IVs, one was by powerful IEDs, and the other by Russian AT-14 'Kornet' missiles. The Israeli military said that it was satisfied with the Merkava Mark IV's performance, and attributed problems to insufficient training before the war. In total, 50 Merkava tanks (predominantly Merkava IIs and IIIs) were hit, eight of which remained serviceable on the battlefield. 21 tanks suffered armour penetrations (15 from missiles, and 6 from IEDs and anti-tank mines).
在2006年黎巴嫩战争期间，五辆“梅卡瓦”坦克被摧毁。战争期间使用了少量“梅卡瓦”4，因为到2006年他们服役数量仍然有限。在与坦克和步兵的冲突中，黎巴嫩真主党发射了1000多枚反坦克导弹。在冲突期间，大约45％的被反坦克导弹击中的坦克和装甲车被击穿，总共有15名坦克乘员因此丧生。据信真主党的武器包括俄制RPG-29，AT-5“拱肩”（9M113），AT-13“混血儿”（9M131）和激光制导的AT-14“短号”（9M133）导弹。据报道，以色列国防军在Ghandouriyeh村发现真主党阵地上最先进的AT-14。停火几个月后，报告中提供了详细的照片证据，证明真主党确实在该地区拥有和使用AT-14。
AT-5（9M113）
AT-13（9M131）
AT-14（9M133）“短号”激光制导反坦克导弹
另一名“梅卡瓦”4乘员在坦克撞上一个简易爆炸装置（IED）时遇难。然而坦克底部额外的V形底面装甲，保护了车上其他6人。总共有5辆“梅卡瓦”坦克（两辆“梅卡瓦2”，一辆“梅卡瓦”3和两辆“梅卡瓦”4）被摧毁。这两辆“梅卡瓦”4中，一辆被大装药的IED击毁，另一辆被俄罗斯AT-14导弹击毁。以色列军方表示对“梅卡瓦”4的表现感到满意，并将问题归咎于战前训练不足。
总共有50辆“梅卡瓦”坦克（主要是“梅卡瓦”2和3）被击中，其中8辆在战场上仍可使用。 21辆坦克被击穿（15枚来自导弹，6枚来自简易爆炸装置和反坦克地雷）。
Operation Cast Lead 铸铅行动
The Merkava IV was used more extensively during the Gaza War, as it had been received by the IDF in increasing numbers since 2006, replacing more of the Merkava II and III versions of the tank that were in service. One brigade of Merkava IVs managed to bisect the Gaza strip in five hours without Israeli casualties. The commander of the brigade stated that battlefield tactics had been greatly revised since 2006. Tactics had also been modified to focus on asymmetric or guerilla war threats, in addition to the conventional war scenarios that the Merkava had primarily been designed to combat.
“梅卡瓦”4在加沙战争期间得到了更广泛的使用，因为自2006年以来，以色列国防军越来越多地接收了它，取代了更多的“梅卡瓦”2和3。当时一个装备“梅卡瓦”4的旅在五小时内设法将加沙地带一分为二，并且以色列没有人员伤亡。这个旅的指挥官表示，他们的战术自2006年以来已经有了很大的修改。战术也被修改为专注于不对称或游击战争威胁，作为对梅卡瓦主要用于战斗的常规战争情景的补充。
The IDF also deployed the Merkava II and III during the war.
此次行动中以色列国防军也派遣了“梅卡瓦”2和3执行任务。
Gaza Border areas 加沙边境冲突
By October 2010, the IDF had begun to equip the first Merkava IVs with the Trophy active protection system, to improve the tanks' protection against advanced anti-tank missiles which use tandem-charge HEAT warheads. Added protection systems included an Elbit laser-warning system and IMI in-built smoke-screen grenades.
到2010年10月，以色列国防军开始为第一批“梅卡瓦”4装备主动防御系统，以改善坦克对 使用串联破甲弹头的先进反坦克导弹 的防护。她还增加了保护系统，包括Elbit激光警告系统和IMI内置烟幕弹。
装备了主动防御系统的“梅卡瓦”4
In December 2010, Hamas fired an AT-14 Kornet anti-tank missile at a Merkava Mark III tank stationed on the Israel-Gaza border near Al-Bureij. It had hitherto not been suspected that Hamas possessed such an advanced missile. The missile penetrated the tank's armour, but caused no injuries among its crew. As a result of the attack, Israel decided to deploy its first Merkava Mark IV battalion equipped with the Trophy system along the Gaza border.
2010年12月，哈马斯向位于Al-Bureij附近的以色列 - 加沙边境的一辆“梅卡瓦”3坦克发射了一枚9M133“短号”反坦克导弹。迄今为止尚未怀疑哈马斯拥有如此先进的导弹。导弹穿透了坦克的装甲，但没有造成人员受伤。由于这次袭击，以色列决定在加沙边境部署第一个配备主动防御系统的“梅卡瓦”4 营。
On March 1, 2011, a Merkava MK IV stationed near the Gaza border, equipped with the Trophy active protection system, successfully foiled a missile attack against it, marking the system's first operational success.
2011年3月1日，驻扎在加沙边境附近的 配备了主动防护系统的“梅卡瓦”4，成功地抵御了来袭的导弹，标志着该系统的首次运行成功。
配备了主动防护系统的“梅卡瓦”4M，摄于加沙边境。该车型与2011年列装以色列国防军。
Operation Protective Edge 2014 “护刃”行动
No tanks were damaged during Operation Protective Edge. The Merkava Mk. IVm tanks, fitted with the Trophy Active Protection system, intercepted anti-tank missiles and RPGs on dozens of different occasions during the ground operation. During the operation, the system intercepted anti-tank weapons, primarily Kornet, as well as Metis-M and RPG-29, proving itself effective against man-portable anti-tank weapons. By identifying the source of fire, Trophy also allowed tanks to kill the Hamas anti-tank team on one occasion.
在“护刃”行动期间没有坦克被损坏。配备了主动防护系统的“梅卡瓦”4M坦克在地面作战期间在数十个不同的地方拦截了反坦克导弹和RPG。在行动期间，该系统拦截的反坦克武器主要是“短号”，以及“混血儿”和RPG-29，证明了它对于便携式反坦克武器的有效性。通过确定来袭方位，该系统还曾有一次让坦克消灭了哈马斯反坦克小组。
401st Brigade (equipped with Merkava Mk. IVm tanks) alone killed between 120–130 Hamas militants during the ground fighting phase of Operation Protective Edge, according to the IDF.
根据以色列国防军的数据，装备了“梅卡瓦”4M的401旅在行动的地面战斗阶段击毙了120-130名哈马斯武装分子。
3.6 Export 出口记录
In May 2012, Israel offered procurement of Merkava IV tanks to the Colombian Army. The sale would include 25–40 tanks at an approximate cost of $4.5 million each, as well as a number of Namer APCs. With the threat of the expanding Venezuelan military, it would strengthen Colombian armored forces against Venezuelan T-72 tanks.
2012年5月，以色列向哥伦比亚军队出售了“梅卡瓦”4坦克。该订单的内容包括25-40辆坦克，每辆约450万美元，以及一些“猎豹”步战车。随着委内瑞拉军队扩张带来的威胁，它将加强哥伦比亚装甲部队与委内瑞拉的T-72坦克的对抗实力。
In 2014, Israel reported that exports of the Mk. 4 have started with the country's name not disclosed for security reasons.
2014年，以色列报告了“梅卡瓦”4的出口情况。 出于安全原因，购买国家的名称尚未公开。
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